Nurturing Earth's Foundation: A Comprehensive Review of Soil Conservation Strategies, Challenges and Solutions
Abstract
Depending on the country, many challenges affect the availability and quality of food, as well as their nutritional status. This is due to intensive agriculture and the exploitation of external inputs, which are degrading the soil, water, and genetic resources, thereby affecting agricultural performance. Soil conservation is an effective and environmentally friendly technique for promoting modern agriculture that helps in the production of food without hurting the environment. Some of the systematic measures used in soil conservation are contour cultivation, terrace cultivation, cover crops, crop rotation, agroforestry, and the like. However, the application of these strategies is not exempt from difficulties, although they are one of the most promising sustainable solutions. These challenges include technological difficulties, the adoption of conservation tillage practices, and long-term research priorities. This is an attempt to provide a brief overview of various strategies in the field of soil conservation, the multifaceted challenges that arise in these processes, and the methods employed to address these difficulties. In conclusion, we feel that the Ministry needs to organize training programs on adequate measures for soil conservation, as policy assistance concerning capacity building is crucial. Given the challenges identified, it may be effective to introduce the elements of soil conservation into the ministries, departments, or institutions concerned and encourage local stakeholders to participate in the process of solution acceptance and implementation.
Keywords:
agroforestry, challenges, contour, soil conservation
Downloads
References
Abdelhak, M. (2022). Soil improvement in arid and semiarid regions for sustainable development. In Natural resources conservation and advances for sustainability (pp. 73-90). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822976-7.00026-0
Adhikari, K., & Hartemink, A. E. (2016). Linking soils to ecosystem services—A global review. Geoderma, 262, 101-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.08.009
Afrad, S. I., Wadud, F., & Babu, S. C. (2019). Reforms in agricultural extension service system in Bangladesh. In Agricultural extension reforms in South Asia (pp. 13-40). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818752-4.00002-3
Aleminew, A., & Alemayehu, M. (2020). Soil fertility depletion and its management options under crop production perspectives in Ethiopia: A review. Agricultural Reviews, 41(2), 91-105.
Asaro, C. (1996). The biology and impact of pine false webworm, Acantholyda erythrocephala (L.) (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae), in northern New York. State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry.
Atangana, A., Khasa, D., Chang, S., Degrande, A., Atangana, A., Khasa, D., & Degrande, A. (2014). Agroforestry for soil conservation. Tropical agroforestry, 203-216. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7723-1_9
Banzhaf, J., Leihner, D. E., Buerkert, A., & Serafini, P. G. (1992). Soil tillage and windbreak effects on millet and cowpea: I. Wind speed, evaporation, and wind erosion. Agronomy Journal, 84(6), 1056-1060. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1992.00021962008400060028x
Bhat, S. A., Dar, M. U. D., & Meena, R. S. (2019). Soil erosion and management strategies. Sustainable Management of Soil and Environment, 73-122. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8832-3_3
Bhatt, R., & Khera, K. L. (2006). Effect of tillage and mode of straw mulch application on soil erosion in the submontaneous tract of Punjab, India. Soil and Tillage Research, 88(1-2), 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2005.05.004
Bhattacharyya, R., Ghosh, B. N., Dogra, P., Mishra, P. K., Santra, P., Kumar, S., & Parmar, B. (2016). Soil conservation issues in India. Sustainability, 8(6), 565. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060565
Bielders, C. L., Lamers, J. P., & Michels, K. (2001). Wind erosion control technologies in the West African Sahel: the effectiveness of windbreaks, mulching and soil tillage, and the perspective of farmers. Annals of Arid Zone, 40(3), 369-394.
Blanco‐Canqui, H., Ruis, S. J., Holman, J. D., Creech, C. F., & Obour, A. K. (2022). Can cover crops improve soil ecosystem services in water‐limited environments? A review. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 86(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20335
Bloomfield, G., Bucht, K., Martínez-Hernández, J. C., Ramírez-Soto, A. F., Sheseña-Hernández, I., Lucio-Palacio, C. R., & Ruelas Inzunza, E. (2018). Capacity building to advance the United Nations sustainable development goals: An overview of tools and approaches related to sustainable land management. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 37(2), 157-177. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2017.1359097
Boano, F., Caruso, A., Costamagna, E., Ridolfi, L., Fiore, S., Demichelis, F., & Masi, F. (2020). A review of nature-based solutions for greywater treatment: Applications, hydraulic design, and environmental benefits. Science of the Total Environment, 711, 134731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134731
Brandle, J. R., Hodges, L., & Zhou, X. H. (2004). Windbreaks in North American agricultural systems. In New Vistas in Agroforestry: A Compendium for 1st World Congress of Agroforestry, 2004 (pp. 65-78). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2424-1_5
Brandle, J. R., Takle, E., & Zhou, X. (2021). Windbreak practices. In North American Agroforestry, pp. 89-126. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780891183785.ch5
Bullock, A., & King, B. (2011). Evaluating China’s slope land conversion program as sustainable management in Tianquan and Wuqi Counties. Journal of Environmental Management, 92(8), 1916-1922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.03.002
Bullock, D. G. (1992). Crop rotation. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 11(4), 309-326. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689209382349
Busari, M. A., Kukal, S. S., Kaur, A., Bhatt, R., & Dulazi, A. A. (2015). Conservation tillage impacts on soil, crop and the environment. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 3(2), 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2015.05.002
Chang, X., Sun, L., Yu, X., Liu, Z., Jia, G., Wang, Y., & Zhu, X. (2021). Windbreak efficiency in controlling wind erosion and particulate matter concentrations from farmlands. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 308, 107269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.107269
Chapagain, T., Lee, E. A., & Raizada, M. N. (2020). The potential of multi-species mixtures to diversify cover crop benefits. Sustainability, 12(5), 2058. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052058
Chaurasia, J., Acharya, N., Parajuli, M., Pokharel S., Rijal, K., Lamichhane, A., Kunwar, S. (2023). Influence of group dynamics on farmers’ field schools in Nepal. Cultural Communication and Socialization Journal, 62-65. https://doi.org/10.26480/ccsj.02.2023.62.65
Chaurasia, J., Ghimirey, V., & Marahatta, S. (2024). Understanding the Impact of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Soil, Environment, and Human Health. Environment & Ecosystem Science, 8(2), 43-46.
Chaurasia, J., Parajuli, M., & Khadka, G. B. (2020). Changing Approach To Food Self-Sufficiency On The Scenario Of The Pandemic “Covid 19”. Environment and Ecosystem Science, 4(1), 43-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/ees.01.2020.43.46
Chaurasia, J., Poudel, B., Mandal, T., Acharya, N., & Ghimirey, V. (2024). Effect of micronutrients, rhizobium, salicylic acid, and effective microorganisms in plant growth and yield characteristics of green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] in Rupandehi, Nepal. Heliyon. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26821
Chen, D., Wei, W., & Chen, L. (2017). Effects of terracing practices on water erosion control in China: A meta-analysis. Earth-Science Reviews, 173, 109-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.08.007
Christensen, S., Søgaard, H. T., Kudsk, P., Nørremark, M., Lund, I., Nadimi, E. S., & Jørgensen, R. (2009). Site‐specific weed control technologies. Weed Research, 49(3), 233-241. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00696.x
Dabney, S. M., Moore, M. T., & Locke, M. A. (2006). Integrated management of in‐field, edge‐of‐field, and after‐field buffers 1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 42(1), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb03819.x
Dagar, J. C. (2016). Agroforestry: Four decades of research development. Indian Journal of Agroforestry, 18(2), 1-32.
De Baets, S., Poesen, J., Gyssels, G., & Knapen, A. (2006). Effects of grass roots on the erodibility of topsoils during concentrated flow. Geomorphology, 76(1-2), 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.10.002
de Jager, M., & Giani, L. (2021). An investigation of the effects of hydrochar application rate on soil amelioration and plant growth in three diverse soils. Biochar, 3(3), 349-365.
Delgado, A., & Gómez, J. A. (2016). The soil. Physical, chemical and biological properties. Principles of Agronomy for Sustainable Agriculture, 15-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46116-8_2
Demo, A. H., & Asefa Bogale, G. (2024). Enhancing crop yield and conserving soil moisture through mulching practices in dryland agriculture. Frontiers in Agronomy, 6, 1361697. https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2024.1361697
Deng, C., Zhang, G., Liu, Y., Nie, X., Li, Z., Liu, J., & Zhu, D. (2021). Advantages and disadvantages of terracing: A comprehensive review. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 9(3), 344-359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2021.03.002
Derpsch, R. (2003). Conservation tillage, no-tillage and related technologies. In Conservation agriculture: environment, farmers experiences, innovations, socio-economy, policy (pp. 181-190). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1143-2_23
Dhar, A. R., Islam, M. M., Jannat, A., & Ahmed, J. U. (2018). Adoption prospects and implication problems of practicing conservation agriculture in Bangladesh: A socioeconomic diagnosis. Soil and Tillage Research, 176, 77-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.11.003
Diallo, M. B., Akponikpè, P. I., Fatondji, D., Abasse, T., & Agbossou, E. K. (2019). Long-term differential effects of tree species on soil nutrients and fertility improvement in agroforestry parklands of the Sahelian Niger. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 28(4), 240-252. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2019.1643792
Dosskey, M. G., Vidon, P., Gurwick, N. P., Allan, C. J., Duval, T. P., & Lowrance, R. (2010). The role of riparian vegetation in protecting and improving chemical water quality in streams 1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 46(2), 261-277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00419.x
El Chami, D., Daccache, A., & El Moujabber, M. (2020). How can sustainable agriculture increase climate resilience? A systematic review. Sustainability, 12(8), 3119. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083119
Erdogan, H. E., Havlicek, E., Dazzi, C., Montanarella, L., Van Liedekerke, M., Vrščaj, B., & Vargas, R. (2021). Soil conservation and sustainable development goals (SDGs) achievement in Europe and Central Asia: Which role for the European soil partnership?. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 9(3), 360-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2021.02.003
Erktan, A., Cécillon, L., Roose, E., Frascaria-Lacoste, N., & Rey, F. (2013). Morphological diversity of plant barriers does not increase sediment retention in eroded marly gullies under ecological restoration. Plant and Soil, 370, 653-669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1738-5
Fageria, N. K., Baligar, V. C., & Bailey, B. A. (2005). Role of cover crops in improving soil and row crop productivity. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 36(19-20), 2733-2757. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620500303939
Fahad, S., Chavan, S. B., Chichaghare, A. R., Uthappa, A. R., Kumar, M., Kakade, V., & Poczai, P. (2022). Agroforestry systems for soil health improvement and maintenance. Sustainability, 14(22), 14877. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214877
Fiener, P., & Auerswald, K. (2003). Effectiveness of grassed waterways in reducing runoff and sediment delivery from agricultural watersheds. Journal of Environmental Quality, 32(3), 927-936. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.9270
Fischer, R. A., & Connor, D. J. (2018). Issues for cropping and agricultural science in the next 20 years. Field Crops Research, 222, 121-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.03.008
Franzel, S., Denning, G. L., Lillesø, J. P. B., & Mercado, A. R. (2004). Scaling up the impact of agroforestry: Lessons from three sites in Africa and Asia. Agroforestry Systems, 61, 329-344. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:AGFO.0000029008.71743.2d
García-Torres, L., Benites, J., Martínez-Vilela, A., & Holgado-Cabrera, A. (Eds.). (2013). Conservation agriculture: environment, farmers experiences, innovations, socio-economy, policy. Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1143-2_23
Garrity, D. P. (1999). Contour farming based on natural vegetative strips: expanding the scope for increased food crop production on sloping lands in Asia. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1(3), 323-336. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010091904395
Gebreegziabher, T., Nyssen, J., Govaerts, B., Getnet, F., Behailu, M., Haile, M., & Deckers, J. (2009). Contour furrows for in situ soil and water conservation, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Soil and Tillage Research, 103(2), 257-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2008.05.021
Ghimirey, V., Chaurasia, J., & Acharya, N. (2023). Major Pest of Mango and Management Practice at Farmer Level in Saptari, Nepal. Agriculture Extension in Developing Countries, 1(2), 70-75.
Ghimirey, V., Chaurasia, J., & Marahatta, S. (2024). Plant Nutrition Disorders: Insights from Clinic Analyses and Their Impact on Plant Health. Agriculture Extension in Developing Countries, 2(1), 09-17.
Govers, G., Merckx, R., van Wesemael, B., & Van Oost, K. (2017). Soil conservation in the 21st century: why we need smart agricultural intensification. Soil, 3(1), 45-59. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-45-2017
Guo, Z., Huang, N., Dong, Z., Van Pelt, R. S., & Zobeck, T. M. (2014). Wind erosion induced soil degradation in Northern China: Status, measures and perspective. Sustainability, 6(12), 8951-8966. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6128951
Hammad, A. A., Haugen, L. E., & Børresen, T. (2004). Effects of stonewalled terracing techniques on soil-water conservation and wheat production under Mediterranean conditions. Environmental Management, 34, 701-710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0278-9
Hossain, A., Krupnik, T. J., Timsina, J., Mahboob, M. G., Chaki, A. K., Farooq, M., ... & Hasanuzzaman, M. (2020). Agricultural land degradation: processes and problems undermining future food security. In Environment, climate, plant and vegetation growth (pp. 17-61). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49732-3_2
Hurni, H., Herweg, K., Portner, B., & Liniger, H. (2008). Soil erosion and conservation in global agriculture. Land use and soil resources, 41-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6778-5_4
Iqbal, R., Raza, M. A. S., Valipour, M., Saleem, M. F., Zaheer, M. S., Ahmad, S., & Nazar, M. A. (2020). Potential agricultural and environmental benefits of mulches—a review. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00290-3
Issaka, S., & Ashraf, M. A. (2017). Impact of soil erosion and degradation on water quality: a review. Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes, 1(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2017.1301053
Jafari, M., Tahmoures, M., Ehteram, M., Ghorbani, M., & Panahi, F. (2022). Agroforestry and its role in soil erosion biological control. In Soil Erosion Control in Drylands (pp. 649-700). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04859-3_7
Jakab, G., Madarász, B., Szabó, J. A., Tóth, A., Zacháry, D., Szalai, Z., & Dyson, J. (2017). Infiltration and soil loss changes during the growing season under ploughing and conservation tillage. Sustainability, 9(10), 1726. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101726
Jat, R. A., Wani, S. P., & Sahrawat, K. L. (2012). Conservation agriculture in the semi-arid tropics: prospects and problems. Advances in Agronomy, 117, 191-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394278-4.00004-0
Jayne, T. S., Mather, D., & Mghenyi, E. (2010). Principal challenges confronting smallholder agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 38(10), 1384-1398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.06.002
Kang, B. T., & Akinnifesi, F. K. (2000, May). Agroforestry as alternative land‐use production systems for the tropics. In Natural Resources Forum (Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 137-151). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2000.tb00938.x
Kang, J., King, S. E., & McLaughlin, R. A. (2016). Flocculated sediments can reduce the size of sediment basin at construction sites. Journal of Environmental Management, 166, 450-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.10.049
Kassam, A., Derpsch, R., & Friedrich, T. (2014). Global achievements in soil and water conservation: The case of Conservation Agriculture. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 2(1), 5-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-6339(15)30009-5
Katyal, J. C., Datta, S. P., & Golui, D. (2016). Global review on state of soil health. Soil Health, 1.
Lal, R. (1998). Soil erosion impact on agronomic productivity and environment quality. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 17(4), 319-464. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689891304249
Langdale, G. W., West, L. T., Bruce, R. R., Miller, W. P., & Thomas, A. W. (1992). Restoration of eroded soil with conservation tillage. Soil Technology, 5(1), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/0933-3630(92)90009-P
Li, N., Yao, S. H., You, M. Y., Zhang, Y. L., Qiao, Y. F., Zou, W. X., & Zhang, B. (2014). Contrasting development of soil microbial community structure under no-tilled perennial and tilled cropping during early pedogenesis of a Mollisol. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 77, 221-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.07.002
Little, S. A., Hocking, P. J., & Greene, R. S. B. (2004). A preliminary study of the role of cover crops in improving soil fertility and yield for potato production. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 35(3-4), 471-494. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120029726
Liu, Y., Yang, W., Yu, Z., Lung, I., & Gharabaghi, B. (2015). Estimating sediment yield from upland and channel erosion at a watershed scale using SWAT. Water Resources Management, 29, 1399-1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014-0729-5
Marahatta, S., Chaurasia, J., Ghimirey, V., & Dahal, S. R. (2024). Beneath the Surface: Earthworms and Their Beneficial Impacts on farming Communities. Reviews In Food and Agriculture, 5(1), 06-12.
Martin, Y. E., & Johnson, E. A. (2012). Biogeosciences survey: Studying interactions of the biosphere with the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. Progress in Physical Geography, 36(6), 833-852. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133312457107
Mehra, P., Baker, J., Sojka, R. E., Bolan, N., Desbiolles, J., Kirkham, M. B., & Gupta, R. (2018). A review of tillage practices and their potential to impact the soil carbon dynamics. Advances in Agronomy, 150, 185-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2018.03.002
Mekonnen, M., Keesstra, S. D., Stroosnijder, L., Baartman, J. E., & Maroulis, J. (2015). Soil conservation through sediment trapping: a review. Land degradation & development, 26(6), 544-556. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2308
Melicher, J., & Špulerová, J. (2022). Application of landscape-ecological approach for greenways planning in rural agricultural landscape. Environments, 9(2), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments9020030
Melnyk, S. A., Sroufe, R. P., & Calantone, R. (2003). Assessing the impact of environmental management systems on corporate and environmental performance. Journal of Operations Management, 21(3), 329-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-6963(02)00109-2
Molle, F., Wester, P., & Hirsch, P. (2010). River basin closure: Processes, implications and responses. Agricultural Water Management, 97(4), 569-577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.01.004
Morris, G. L. (2020). Classification of management alternatives to combat reservoir sedimentation. Water, 12(3), 861. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030861
Mrunalini, K., Behera, B., Jayaraman, S., Abhilash, P. C., Dubey, P. K., Swamy, G. N., & Srinivasa Rao, C. (2022). Nature‐based solutions in soil restoration for improving agricultural productivity. Land Degradation & Development, 33(8), 1269-1289. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4207
Muchane, M. N., Sileshi, G. W., Gripenberg, S., Jonsson, M., Pumariño, L., & Barrios, E. (2020). Agroforestry boosts soil health in the humid and sub-humid tropics: A meta-analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 295, 106899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106899
Ngosong, C., Okolle, J. N., & Tening, A. S. (2019). Mulching: A sustainable option to improve soil health. In Soil fertility management for sustainable development, pp. 231-249. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5904-0_11
Nyssen, J., Clymans, W., Poesen, J., Vandecasteele, I., De Baets, S., Haregeweyn, N., & Deckers, J. (2009). How soil conservation affects the catchment sediment budget–a comprehensive study in the north Ethiopian highlands. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 34(9), 1216-1233. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1805
Osman, K. T. (2018). Degraded soils. In Management of soil problems, pp. 409-456.
Parajuli, M., Khadka, G. B., & Chaurasia, J. (2022). A review on comparative effect of chemicals and botanicals in management of brown spot diseases of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 7(1), 127-131. https://doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2022.0701018
Peigné, J., Ball, B. C., Roger‐Estrade, J., & David, C. J. S. U. (2007). Is conservation tillage suitable for organic farming? A review. Soil Use and Management, 23(2), 129-144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2006.00082.x
Penne, C., Ahrends, B., Deurer, M., & Boettcher, J. (2010). The impact of the canopy structure on the spatial variability in forest floor carbon stocks. Geoderma, 158(3-4), 282-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.05.007
Pittelkow, C. M., Liang, X., Linquist, B. A., Van Groenigen, K. J., Lee, J., Lundy, M. E., ... & Van Kessel, C. (2015). Productivity limits and potentials of the principles of conservation agriculture. Nature, 517(7534), 365-368. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13809
PLANTE, A. F. (2007). Soil biogeochemical cycling of inorganic nutrients and metals. In Soil microbiology, ecology and biochemistry (pp. 389-432). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-047514-1.50019-6
Podhrázská, J., Kučera, J., Doubrava, D., & Doležal, P. (2021). Functions of windbreaks in the landscape ecological network and methods of their evaluation. Forests, 12(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12010067
Poeppl, R. E., Fryirs, K. A., Tunnicliffe, J., & Brierley, G. J. (2020). Managing sediment (dis) connectivity in fluvial systems. Science of the Total Environment, 736, 139627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139627
Polat, F. (2011). Inclusion in education: A step towards social justice. International Journal of Educational Development, 31(1), 50-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2010.06.009
Powlson, D. S., Gregory, P. J., Whalley, W. R., Quinton, J. N., Hopkins, D. W., Whitmore, A. P., & Goulding, K. W. (2011). Soil management in relation to sustainable agriculture and ecosystem services. Food Policy, 36, S72-S87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.025
Prem, M., Ranjan, P., Seth, N., & Patle, G. T. (2020). Mulching techniques to conserve the soil water and advance the crop production—A Review. Curr. World Environ, 15, 10-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.15.Special-Issue1.02
Raj, A., Jhariya, M. K., Yadav, D. K., Banerjee, A., & Meena, R. S. (2019). Soil for sustainable environment and ecosystems management. In Sustainable agriculture, forest and environmental management, pp. 189-221. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6830-1_6
Rashid, M., Alvi, S., Kausar, R., & Akram, M. I. (2016). The effectiveness of soil and water conservation terrace structures for improvement of crops and soil productivity in rainfed terraced system. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 53(1). https://doi.org/10.21162/PAKJAS/16.1502
Reed, M. S., Fraser, E. D., & Dougill, A. J. (2006). An adaptive learning process for developing and applying sustainability indicators with local communities. Ecological Economics, 59(4), 406-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.11.008
Rickson, R. J. (2014). Can control of soil erosion mitigate water pollution by sediments?. Science of the Total Environment, 468, 1187-1197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.057
Rosenbloom, N. A., & Anderson, R. S. (1994). Hillslope and channel evolution in a marine terraced landscape, Santa Cruz, California. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 99(B7), 14013-14029. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB00048
Saggau, P., Kuhwald, M., & Duttmann, R. (2023). Effects of contour farming and tillage practices on soil erosion processes in a hummocky watershed. A model-based case study highlighting the role of tramline tracks. Catena, 228, 107126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2023.107126
Sahu, G., Mohanty, S., & Das, S. (2020). Conservation agriculture-a way to improve soil health. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, 8(4), 355-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2020.8(4).355.368
Sattler, C., & Nagel, U. J. (2010). Factors affecting farmers’ acceptance of conservation measures—A case study from north-eastern Germany. Land Use Policy, 27(1), 70-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.02.002
Scheper, S., Weninger, T., Kitzler, B., Lackóová, L., Cornelis, W., Strauss, P., & Michel, K. (2021). Comparison of the spatial wind erosion patterns of erosion risk mapping and quantitative modeling in eastern Austria. Land, 10(9), 974. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10090974
Scopel, E., Triomphe, B., Affholder, F., Da Silva, F. A. M., Corbeels, M., Xavier, J. H. V., ... & De Tourdonnet, S. (2013). Conservation agriculture cropping systems in temperate and tropical conditions, performances and impacts. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 33, 113-130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-012-0106-9
Seitz, S., Goebes, P., Puerta, V. L., Pereira, E. I. P., Wittwer, R., Six, J., & Scholten, T. (2019). Conservation tillage and organic farming reduce soil erosion. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 39, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-018-0545-z
Shabir, S., Ilyas, N., Saeed, M., Bibi, F., Sayyed, R. Z., & Almalki, W. H. (2023). Treatment technologies for olive mill wastewater with impacts on plants. Environmental Research, 216, 114399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114399
Shiferaw, B. A., Okello, J., & Reddy, R. V. (2009). Adoption and adaptation of natural resource management innovations in smallholder agriculture: reflections on key lessons and best practices. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 11, 601-619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-007-9132-1
Shinde, R., Sarkar, P. K., Thombare, N., & Naik, S. K. (2019). Soil conservation: Today’s need for sustainable development. Agriculture & Food: e-Newsletter, 1(5), 175-183.
Somasundaram, J., Sinha, N. K., Dalal, R. C., Lal, R., Mohanty, M., Naorem, A. K., & Chaudhari, S. K. (2020). No-till farming and conservation agriculture in South Asia–issues, challenges, prospects and benefits. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 39(3), 236-279. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2020.1782069
Srivastava, P., Singh, R., Bhadouria, R., Tripathi, S., Singh, H., & Raghubanshi, A. S. (2019). Understanding soil aggregate dynamics and its relation with land use and climate change. In Climate change and agricultural ecosystems (pp. 331-354). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816483-9.00021-9
Stevens, C. J., Quinton, J. N., Bailey, A. P., Deasy, C., Silgram, M., & Jackson, D. R. (2009). The effects of minimal tillage, contour cultivation and in-field vegetative barriers on soil erosion and phosphorus loss. Soil and Tillage Research, 106(1), 145-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2009.04.009
Tapia-Vargas, M., Tiscareño-López, M., Stone, J. J., Oropeza-Mota, J. L., & Velázquez-Valle, M. (2001). Tillage system effects on runoff and sediment yield in hillslope agriculture. Field Crops Research, 69(2), 173-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(00)00139-8
Thapa, B. B., Cassel, D. K., & Garrity, D. P. (1999). Ridge tillage and contour natural grass barrier strips reduce tillage erosion. Soil and Tillage Research, 51(3-4), 341-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00047-1
Thiele-Bruhn, S., Bloem, J., de Vries, F. T., Kalbitz, K., & Wagg, C. (2012). Linking soil biodiversity and agricultural soil management. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4(5), 523-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.06.004
Timsina, J. (2018). Can organic sources of nutrients increase crop yields to meet global food demand?. Agronomy, 8(10), 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8100214
Ucar, T., & Hall, F. R. (2001). Windbreaks as a pesticide drift mitigation strategy: a review. Pest Management Science: formerly Pesticide Science, 57(8), 663-675. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.341
Valentin, C., Poesen, J., & Li, Y. (2005). Gully erosion: Impacts, factors and control. Catena, 63(2-3), 132-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.06.001
Waheed, A., Li, C., Muhammad, M., Ahmad, M., Khan, K. A., Ghramh, H. A., & Zhang, D. (2023). Sustainable Potato Growth under Straw Mulching Practices. Sustainability, 15(13), 10442. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310442
Wang, H., Wu, X., Bi, N., Li, S., Yuan, P., Wang, A., & Nittrouer, J. (2017). Impacts of the dam-orientated water-sediment regulation scheme on the lower reaches and delta of the Yellow River (Huanghe): A review. Global and Planetary Change, 157, 93-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.08.005
Yousuf, A., Lenz, J., & Dar, E. A. (2019). Measures to Control Soil Erosion. In Watershed Hydrology, Management and Modeling (pp. 77-97). CRC Press.
Zuazo, V. H. D., & Pleguezuelo, C. R. R. (2009). Soil-erosion and runoff prevention by plant covers: a review. In Sustainable Agriculture, pp. 785-811. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2666-8_48
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
