Abstract
The current study aimed to assess the health of the Malin River situated in Najibabad city, India by analyzing several physicochemical parameters. The main objective was to evaluate the impact of industrial and domestic wastewater on the river's health. The study was conducted over six months, from January to June 2023, at four different locations along the river. To calculate the water quality index (WQI), the data was further processed, and Pearson correlation was utilized. Except for site 1, most of the analyzed physicochemical parameters exceeded the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) limit, as indicated by the results. The utilization of river Malin water for irrigation, laundry, and vegetable cleaning may pose a health hazard to the public due to high contamination levels at the points where industrial (site 2) and domestic (site 3) effluents continuously mix with the river water. The water quality at all locations is deemed unsuitable for consumption due to a WQI score greater than 100. There are strong positive correlations between total dissolved solids (TDS) and other studied parameters, except for dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and turbidity. This suggests the presence of inorganic pollutants concerning organic pollutants. Wastewater treatment facilities are necessary along river coasts to conserve river flora and fauna, as well as water quality, to safeguard human and river health.
Keywords
References
- Adimalla, N., & Venkatayogi, S. (2018). Geochemical characterization and evaluation of groundwater suitability for domestic and agricultural utility in semi-arid region of Basara, Telangana State, South India. Applied water science, 8(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0682-1 [Google Scholar]
- Ahamad, F., Tyagi, S. K., Singh, M., & Sharma, A. K. (2023a). Groundwater in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of India: A Review on the Quality, Management and Challenges. In: Groundwater in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas: Monitoring, Assessment, Modelling, and Management, Earth and Environmental Sciences Library. Springer Cham., pp. 11-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43348-1_2 [Google Scholar]
- Ahamad, F., Sharma, A. K., & Tyagi, S. K. (2023b). A Study on Comparative Assessment of Water Quality of Dal and Nigeen Lakes of Jammu and Kashmir, India. AgroEnvironmental Sustainability, 1(1), 48-56. https://doi.org/10.59983/s2023010107 [Google Scholar]
- Ahmed, T. F., Sushil, M., & Krishna, M. (2012). Impact of dye industrial effluent on physicochemical characteristics of Kshipra River, Ujjain City, India. International Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(2), 41-45. [Google Scholar]
- Al-Hussaini, S. N. H., Al-Obaidy, A. H. M. J., & Al-Mashhady, A. A. M. (2018). Environmental assessment of heavy metal pollution of Diyala River within Baghdad City. Applied Water Science, 8(3), 87. http://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0707-9 [Google Scholar]
- APHA, AWWA, WPCF (2012). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 22ndedn. Water Environment Federation Washington, DC. [Google Scholar]
- Bhutiani, R., Ahamad, F., Tyagi, V., & Ram, K. (2018). Evaluation of water quality of River Malin using water quality index (WQI) at Najibabad, Bijnor (UP) India. Environment Conservation Journal, 19(1&2), 191-201. http://doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2018.191228 [Google Scholar]
- Bhutiani, R., Khanna, D. R., Kumar, R., Ram, K., & Ahamad, F. (2019). Impact Assessment of Sewage Treatment Plants’effluent Discharge on the Quality of Ganga River at Haridwar, Uttarakhand. Journal of Mountain Research, 2, 77-83. https://doi.org/10.51220/jmr.v14i2.10 [Google Scholar]
- Bhutiani, R., Khanna, D. R., Shubham, K., & Ahamad, F. (2016). Physico-chemical analysis of Sewage water treatment plant at Jagjeetpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand. Environment Conservation Journal, 17(3), 133-142. http://doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2016.17326 [Google Scholar]
- Bhutiani, R., Ruhela, M., & Ahamad, F. (2017). Limnological characterisation of Hindon River at NCR (Uttar Pradesh), India. Environment Conservation Journal, 18(1&2), 219-229. https://doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2017.181230 [Google Scholar]
- Bojago, E., Tyagi, I., Ahamad, F., & Chandniha, S. K. (2023). GIS based spatial-temporal distribution of water quality parameters and heavy metals in drinking water: Ecological and health modelling. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 103399. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2023.103399 [Google Scholar]
- Brown, R. M., McClelland, N. I., Deininger, R. A., & Tozer, R. G. (1970). A water quality index-do we dare. Water and Sewage Works, 117(10), 1-10. [Google Scholar]
- Chandra, S., Singh, A., Tomar, P. K., & Kumar, A. (2011). Evaluation of physicochemical characteristics of various river water in India. Journal of Chemistry, 8, 1546-1555. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/430232 [Google Scholar]
- Chaterjee C., & Raziuddin M. (2002). Determination of water quality index (WQI) of a degraded river in Asanol Industrial area, Raniganj, Burdwan, West Bengal. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 2, 181-189. [Google Scholar]
- Cude, C. (2001). Oregon water quality index: A tool for evaluating water quality management effectiveness. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 37, 125–137. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb05480.x [Google Scholar]
- Dadhich, P., Ankita, G. R., and Dadhich, N. P. 2017. Assessment of Temporal Variations in Surface Water Quality and Water Supply of Kota. International Journal of Innovative Technology & Exploring Engineering, 6, 89-94. [Google Scholar]
- Gopalkrushna, H. M. (2011). Determination of physico-chemical parameters of surface water samples in and around Akot city. International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment, 1(2), 183-187. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsj.2017.03.002 [Google Scholar]
- Gupta, N., Pandey, P., & Hussain, J. (2017). Effect of physicochemical and biological parameters on the quality of river water of Narmada, Madhya Pradesh, India. Water Science, 31(1), 11-23. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsj.2017.03.002 [Google Scholar]
- Ioele, G., De Luca, M., Grande, F., Durante, G., Trozzo, R., Crupi, C., & Ragno, G. (2020). Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate analysis: case study of the Crati River, Italy. Water, 12(8), 2214. http://doi.org/10.3390/w12082214 [Google Scholar]
- Jain, C. K., Singhal, D. C., & Sharma, M. K. (2005). Metal pollution assessment of sediment and water in the river Hindon, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 105, 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-3498-zz. [Google Scholar]
- Joseph, P. V., & Jacob, C. (2010). Physicochemical characteristics of Pennar River, a fresh water wetland in Kerala, India. E-Journal of Chemistry, 7(4), 1266-1273. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/297931 [Google Scholar]
- Kamboj, N., & Kamboj, V. (2019). Water quality assessment using overall index of pollution in riverbed-mining area of Ganga-River Haridwar, India. Water Science, 33(1), 65-74. http://doi.org/10.1080/11104929.2019.1626631 [Google Scholar]
- Kannel, P. R., Lee, S., Lee, Y. S., Kanel, S. R., & Khan, S. P. (2007). Application of water quality indices and dissolved oxygen as indicators for river water classification and urban impact assessment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 132, 93-110. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9505-1 [Google Scholar]
- Khadse, G. K., Patni, P. M., Kelkar, P. S., & Devotta, S. (2008). Qualitative evaluation of Kanhan river and its tributaries flowing over central Indian plateau. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 147, 83-92. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0100-x [Google Scholar]
- Khan, M. A., & Wen, J. (2021). Evaluation of physicochemical and heavy metals characteristics in surface water under anthropogenic activities using multivariate statistical methods, Garra River, Ganges Basin, India. Environmental Engineering Research, 26(6), https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2020.280 [Google Scholar]
- Khan, R., Saxena, A., & Shukla, S. (2020). Evaluation of heavy metal pollution for River Gomti, in parts of Ganga Alluvial Plain, India. SN Applied Sciences, 2(8), 1451. http://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03233-9 [Google Scholar]
- Khanna, D. R., & Bhutiani, R. (2008). Laboratory manual of water and Waste water Analysis. Daya Publishing House New Delhi -110002. [Google Scholar]
- Kumar, D., Kumar, V., & Kumari, S. (2018). Study on water quality of Hindon river (tributary of Yamuna River). Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, 11, 1477-1484. http://doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2018.1143075 [Google Scholar]
- Ling, T. Y., Soo, C. L., Heng, T. L. E., Nyanti, L., Sim, S. F., & Grinang, J. (2016). Physicochemical characteristics of river water downstream of a large tropical hydroelectric dam. Journal of Chemistry, 2016, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7895234 [Google Scholar]
- Matta, G., Srivastava, S., Pandey, R. R., & Saini, K. K. (2017). Assessment of physicochemical characteristics of Ganga Canal water quality in Uttarakhand. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 19, 419-431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-015-9735-x [Google Scholar]
- Mishra, S., Kumar, A., & Shukla, P. (2021). Estimation of heavy metal contamination in the Hindon River, India: an environmetric approach. Applied Water Science, 11, 1-9. http://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01331-y [Google Scholar]
- Mishra, S., & Kumar, A. (2021). Estimation of physicochemical characteristics and associated metal contamination risk in the Narmada River, India. Environmental Engineering Research, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2019.521 [Google Scholar]
- Phiri, O., Mumba, P., Moyo, B. H. Z., & Kadewa, W. (2005). Assessment of the impact of industrial effluents on water quality of receiving rivers in urban areas of Malawi. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 2, 237-244. http://doi.org/10.1007/bf03325882 [Google Scholar]
- Purkait, S., Ganguly, M., Aktar, M. W., Sengupta, D., & Chowdhury, A. (2009). Impact assessment of various parameters polluting Ganga water in Kolkata region: A study for quality evaluation and environmental impact. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 155, 443–454. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0447-7 [Google Scholar]
- Rahman, A., Jahanara, I., & Jolly, Y. N. (2021). Assessment of physicochemical properties of water and their seasonal variation in an urban river in Bangladesh. Water Science and Engineering, 14(2), 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wse.2021.06.006 [Google Scholar]
- Raji, M. I. O., Ibrahim, Y. K. E., Tytler, B. A., & Ehinmidu, J. O. (2015). Physicochemical characteristics of water samples collected from River Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 5(3), 194. https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2015.53013 [Google Scholar]
- Rather, I. A., & Dar, A. Q. (2020). Assessing the impact of land use and land cover dynamics on water quality of Dal Lake, NW Himalaya, India. Applied Water Science, 10(10), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01300-5 [Google Scholar]
- Rizvi, N., Katyal, D., & Joshi, V. (2015). Assessment of water quality of Hindon River in Ghaziabad and Noida, India by using multivariate statistical methods. Journal of Global Ecology and Environment, 3(2), 80-90. [Google Scholar]
- Roy, M., Shamim, F., & Chatterjee, S. (2021). Evaluation of physicochemical and Biological parameters on the water quality of Shilabati River, West Bengal, India. Water Science, 35(1), 71-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/23570008.2021.1928902 [Google Scholar]
- Ruhela, M., Kumar, P., Tyagi, V., Ahamad, F., & Ram, K. (2018). Assessment of water quality of River Ganga at Haridwar with reference to Water Quality Index. Environment Conservation Journal, 19(3), 47-58. https://doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2018.19306 [Google Scholar]
- Ruhela, M., Sharma, K., Bhutiani, R., Chandniha, S. K., Kumar, V., Tyagi, K., & Tyagi, I. (2022). GIS-based impact assessment and spatial distribution of air and water pollutants in mining area. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 31486–31500. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18009-w [Google Scholar]
- Ruhela, M., Wani, A. A., & Ahamad, F. (2020). Efficiency of Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) based sewage treatment plant and its discharge impact on Dal Lake, Jammu & Kashmir, India. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 5(4), 517-524. https://doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2020.0504013 [Google Scholar]
- Shakerkhatibi, M., Mosaferi, M., Pourakbar, M., Ahmadnejad, M., Safavi, N., & Banitorab, F. (2019). Comprehensive investigation of groundwater quality in the north-west of Iran: Physicochemical and heavy metal analysis. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 8, 156-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2018.10.006 [Google Scholar]
- Sharma, M. K., Jain, C. K., & Singh, O. (2014). Characterization of point sources and water quality assessment of river Hindon using water quality index. Journal of Indian Water Resources Society, 34(1), 53-64. [Google Scholar]
- Sharma, R., Kumar, A., Singh, N., & Sharma, K. (2021). Impact of seasonal variation on water quality of Hindon River: Physicochemical and biological analysis. SN Applied Sciences, 3, 1-11. http://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03986-3 [Google Scholar]
- Shil, S., Singh, U. K., & Mehta, P. (2019). Water quality assessment of a tropical river using water quality index (WQI), multivariate statistical techniques and GIS. Applied Water Science, 9, 1-21. http://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1045-2 [Google Scholar]
- Simeon, E. O., Idomo, K. B. S., & Chioma, F. (2019). Physicochemical Characteristics of Surface Water and Sediment of Silver River, Southern Ijaw, Bayelsa State, Niger Delta, Nigeria. American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 3(2), 39-46. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20190302.12 [Google Scholar]
- Singh, M., & Singh, A. K. (2007). Bibliography of environmental studies in natural characteristics and anthropogenic influences on the Ganga River. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 129, 421-432. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9374-7 [Google Scholar]
- Singh, R. P., & Mathur, P. (2005). Investigation of variations in physico-chemical characteristics of a fresh water reservoir of Ajmer city, Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 9(1), 57-61. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, U. K., & Kumar, B. (2017). Pathways of heavy metals contamination and associated human health risk in Ajay River basin, India. Chemosphere, 174, 183-199. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.103 [Google Scholar]
- Suthar, S., Nema, A. K., Chabukdhara, M., & Gupta, S. K. (2009). Assessment of metals in water and sediments of Hindon River, India: impact of industrial and urban discharges. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 171(1-3), 1088-1095. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.109 [Google Scholar]
- Suvarna, B., Sudharsan Reddy, Y., Sunitha, V., & Prasad, M. (2018). Water quality index of groundwater in and around lakkireddipalli and ramapuram, YSR district, AP India. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, 5(11), 786-794. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.103846 [Google Scholar]
- Tyagi, S., Dubey, R. C., Bhutiani, R., & Ahamad, F. (2020). Multivariate Statistical analysis of river ganga water at Rishikesh and Haridwar, India. Analytical Chemistry Letters, 10(2), 195-213. http://doi.org/10.1080/22297928.2020.1756405 [Google Scholar]
- Wang, X. L., Lu, Y. L., Han, J. Y., He, G. Z., & Wang, T. Y. (2007). Identification of anthropogenic influences on water quality of rivers in Taihu watershed. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 19(4), 475-481. http://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(07)60080-1 [Google Scholar]

