Abstract
This study evaluated the effectiveness of four isolates of Trichoderma spp. obtained from various plant protection divisions and commercial products for the biocontrol of Fusarium rhizome rot of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Experiments were designed in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and ten replications. The National Agriculture Research Council (NARC) isolates of Trichoderma spp. were multiplied through direct inoculation on PDA media. Meanwhile, the commercial products of T. harzianum (TRICHO-HR) and T. viride (Biocide Trivi) were prepared as spore suspension. The dual culture technique was used to evaluate the interaction between Trichoderma spp. and Fusarium pathogen. The radial diameter of both Trichoderma and Fusarium was measured every 24 h for 7 days. The experiments in dual cultures demonstrated that various Trichoderma isolates and commercial products significantly inhibited Fusarium mycelial growth. Among the isolates tested, T1-NARC showed the highest efficacy at 57.91% growth inhibition, followed by T2-RPPL (52.50%) and T4-Biocide Trivi (40.98%). However, T3-TRICHO HR displayed lower performance with an inhibition rate of 24.75%. These findings offer valuable insights for the use of Trichoderma spp. as biocontrol agents in ginger cultivation, contributing to improved disease control and enhanced crop health. The observed differences in performance could be attributed to the genetic variations among the isolates.
Keywords
References
- ADS (2014). Agriculture development strategy (2015-2035). Ministry of Agriculture Development, Government of Nepal. Available online: https://lpr.adb.org/sites/default/files/resource/648/nepal-agriculture-development-strategy.pdf (accessed on 09 August 2023). [Google Scholar]
- Bandyopadhyay, S., & Bhattacharya, P. M. (2012). Management of rhizome rot of ginger using physical, chemical and biological methods. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 42(3), 314-316. [Google Scholar]
- Bastakoti, S., Belbase, S., Manandhar, S., & Arjyal, C. (2017). Trichoderma species as bio control agent against soil borne fungal pathogens. Nepal Journal of Biotechnology, 5(1), 39-45. [Google Scholar]
- Boughalleb-M’Hamdi, N., Salem, I. B., & M’Hamdi, M. (2018). Evaluation of the efficiency of Trichoderma, Penicillium, and Aspergillus species as biological control agents against four soil-borne fungi of melon and watermelon. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 28, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-017-0010-3 [Google Scholar]
- Chao, W. A. N. G., & Zhuang, W. Y. (2019). Evaluating effective Trichoderma isolates for biocontrol of Rhizoctonia solani causing root rot of Vigna unguiculata. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 18(9), 2072-2079. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(19)62593-1 [Google Scholar]
- Dar, W. A., Ganie, S. A., Bhat, J. A., Mir, G. H., Lawrence, R., Sumati, N., & Singh, P. K. (2013). Comparative efficacy of Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum against Fusarium oxysporum f sp. ciceris causing wilt of chickpea. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 7(50), 5731-5736. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2013.6442 [Google Scholar]
- Domsch, K. H., Gams, W., & Anderson, T. H. (1980). Compendium of Soil Fungi. Volume 1. Academic Press (London) Ltd. [Google Scholar]
- Hajieghrari, B., Torabi-Giglou, M., Mohammadi, M. R., & Davari, M. (2008). Biological potantial of some Iranian Trichoderma isolates in the control of soil borne plant pathogenic fungi. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(8), 967-972. [Google Scholar]
- Hegde, K. T., Narayanaswamy, H., Veeraghanti, K., & Manu, T. G. (2017). Efficacy of bio-agents, botanicals and fungicides against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthus causing wilt of carnation. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 5(56), 139-142. [Google Scholar]
- Khatri, D. K., Tiwari, D. N., & Bariya, H. S. (2017). Chitinolytic efficacy and secretion of cell wall degrading enzymes from Trichoderma spp. in response to phyto-pathological fungi. Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, 5(6), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.7324/JABB.2017.50601 [Google Scholar]
- Khatso, K., & Tiameren Ao, N. (2013). Biocontrol of rhizome rot disease of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management, 4(2s), 317-321. [Google Scholar]
- Kumar, A., Mishra, P., Yadav, A. K., Mishra, A. K., Deshwal, R., & Kumar, N. (2021). Efficacy of Fungicides and Bio-agents against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lentis Causing vascular Wilt of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) in-vitro. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 3425-3432. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1002.378 [Google Scholar]
- Langner, E., Greifenberg, S., & Gruenwald, J. (1998). Ginger: history and use. Advances in Therapy, 15(1), 25-44. [Google Scholar]
- Meenu, G., & Jebasingh, T. (2019). Diseases of ginger. In: Ginger Cultivation and Its Antimicrobial and Pharmacological Potentials. IntechOpen, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88839 [Google Scholar]
- MoAD (2022). Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture 2020/21. Ministry of Agricultural and Livestock Development, Available online: https://moald.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/STATISTICAL-INFORMATION-ON-NEPALESE-AGRICULTURE-2077-78 (accessed 30 July 2023). [Google Scholar]
- Mokhtar, H., & Aid, D. (2013). Contribution in isolation and identification of some pathogenic fungi from wheat seeds, and evaluation of antagonistic capability of Trichoderma harzianum against those isolated fungi in vitro. Agriculture Biology Journal of North America, 4(2), 145-154. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2013.4.2.145.154 [Google Scholar]
- Mustafa, A., Khan, M. A., Inam-ul-Haq, M., Pervez, M. A., & Umar, U. (2009). Usefulness of different culture media for in vitro evaluation of Trichoderma spp. against seed borne fungi of economic importance. Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology, 21(1), 83-88. [Google Scholar]
- Nelson, P. E. (1992). Taxonomy and biology of Fusarium moniliforme. Mycopathologia, 117(1-2), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00497276 [Google Scholar]
- Nelson, P. E., Dignani, M. C., & Anaissie, E. J. (1994). Taxonomy, biology, and clinical aspects of Fusarium species. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 7(4), 479-504. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.7.4.479 [Google Scholar]
- NTIS (2016). Nepal Trade Integration Strategy. Ministry of Commerce, Government of Nepal. Available from: https://moics.gov.np/en/product_slider_detail (accessed 30 July 2023). [Google Scholar]
- Odebode, A. C. (2006). Control of postharvest pathogens of fruits by culture filtrate from antagonistic fungi. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 46(1), 1-5. [Google Scholar]
- Pal, K. K., & Gardener, B. M. (2006). Biological control of plant pathogens. Available online: https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/disimpactmngmnt/topc/Documents/PHI-BiologicalControl.pdf (accessed 30 July 2023). [Google Scholar]
- Prasath, D., Matthews, A., O’Neill, W. T., Aitken, E. A., & Chen, A. (2023). Fusarium yellows of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi is associated with cultivar-specific expression of defense-responsive genes. Pathogens, 12(1), 141. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12010141 [Google Scholar]
- Rai, S. (2006). Management of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) Rhizome Rot in Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayan Region. Programme Coordinator of Darjeeling Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, and Kalimpong India. Available online: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48028001.pdf (accessed 30 July 2023). [Google Scholar]
- Ram, D., Kusum, M., Lodha, B. C., & Webster, J. (2000). Evaluation of resident biocontrol agents as seed treatments against ginger rhizome rot. Indian Phytopathology, 53(4), 450-454. [Google Scholar]
- RCT (2023). R Core Team: R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna, 178 Austria. Available online: https://www.R-project.org/ (accessed on 12 May 2023). [Google Scholar]
- Rosangkima, G., Vanramliana, L. H., & Lalringngheti, L. H. C. (2018). Isolation and molecular characterization of ginger soft rot pathogenic fungi in Aizawl district of Mizoram, India. Science Vision, 18(4), 111-119. https://doi.org/10.33493/scivis.18.04.02 [Google Scholar]
- Shahrajabian, M. H., Sun, W., & Cheng, Q. (2019). Clinical aspects and health benefits of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in both traditional Chinese medicine and modern industry. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B—Soil & Plant Science, 69(6), 546-556. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2019.1606930 [Google Scholar]
- Shanmugam, V., Gupta, S., & Dohroo, N. P. (2013). Selection of a compatible biocontrol strain mixture based on co-cultivation to control rhizome rot of ginger. Crop Protection, 43, 119-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2012.08.012 [Google Scholar]
- Siameto, E. N., Okoth, S., Amugune, N. O., & Chege, N. C. (2010). Antagonism of Trichoderma harzianum isolates on soil borne plant pathogenic fungi from Embu District, Kenya. Journal of Yeast and Fungal Research, 1(3), 47-54. https://doi.org/10.7324/JABB.2017.50601 [Google Scholar]
- Vinale, F., Sivasithamparam, K., Ghisalberti, E. L., Marra, R., Woo, S. L., & Lorito, M. (2008). Trichoderma–plant–pathogen interactions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 40(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.07.002 [Google Scholar]
- Vincent, J. M. (1947). Distortion of fungal hyphae in the presence of certain inhibitors. Nature, 159(4051), 850-850. https://doi.org/10.1038/159850b0 [Google Scholar]
- Vivek, M. N., Kambar, Y., Manasa, M., Pallavi, S., & Kekuda, P. T. R. (2013). Bio control potential of Pimenta dioica and Anacardium occidentale against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi. Journal of Biological and Scientific Opinion, 1(3), 193-195. https://doi.org/10.7897/2321-6328.01312 [Google Scholar]
- Wang, H. (2020). Ginger cultivation and its antimicrobial and pharmacological potentials. BoD–Books on Demand. http://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83688 [Google Scholar]
- Yassin, M. T., Mostafa, A. A. F., & Al-Askar, A. A. (2022). In vitro antagonistic activity of Trichoderma spp. against fungal pathogens causing black point disease of wheat. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 16(1), 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/16583655.2022.2029327 [Google Scholar]
- Yassin, M. T., Mostafa, A. A. F., Al-Askar, A. A., Sayed, S. R., & Rady, A. M. (2021). Antagonistic activity of Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride strains against some Fusarial pathogens causing stalk rot disease of maize, in vitro. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 33(3), 101363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101363 [Google Scholar]

