AgroEnvironmental Sustainability (ISSN 2583-942X; Abbreviation: AgroEnviron. Sustain.) is an international, scholarly, and scientific open-access journal that publishes peer-reviewed research, review, communication, and editorial articles showcasing how sustainability can be achieved through interdisciplinarity of agriculture and environmental sciences subjects. The journal brings forward scientific information that addresses challenges in agriculture, economic, social, health, and environmental aspects. Aims and Scope By promoting a multidisciplinary and collaborative approach, AgroEnvironmental Sustainability aims to advance the field of agroenvironmental sustainability, facilitate sustainable agricultural practices, and contribute to the achievement of global food security while minimizing environmental impacts. Abstracting and Indexing Google Scholar | Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ): Sweden | AGRIS: International System for Agricultural Science and Technology, FAO-UN | J-Gate: Informatics Publishing Ltd., IN | Crossref Metadata | Dimensions: Digital Science, UK | BASE - Bielefeld University Library | Open Archives: OAI-PMH, USA | Scilit Database: MDPI | OCLC WorldCat Discovery Service: USA | PKP Preservation Network (PKP PN) | CORE: UK | Open Ukrainian Citation Index (OUCI) | OpenAlex: OurResearch/Arcadia, UK | Semantic Scholar - USA | Discovery - Researcher.Life: Cactus Communications | Simon Fraser University Library: ExLibris Primo Part of Clarivate
Society for AgroEnvironmental Sustainability
Current Status and Future Perspective of Pesticide Use and Pest Management in Kuwait Agriculture: A Comprehensive Review
Section: Review Keywords: human health impact, invasive species, Kuwait agriculture, pest management, pesticide overuse The widespread overuse of pesticides in agriculture has generated increasing concerns about the negative effects of pesticides on human health and the environment. The review provides perspectives on the main trends regarding pesticide overuse in Kuwait and its potential impacts on human health and the environment. Factors driving the excessive use of pesticides, including climate change and the introduction of invasive pest species, and the challenges of adopting alternatives to chemical pesticides, are also reviewed. The review further outlines the status of an invasive pest species, the South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in Kuwait and the Middle East, and efforts to develop sustainable management strategies for the pest. Finally, recommendations on how to achieve sustainable control of the T. absoluta and other pests using integrated pest management strategies, and the comprehensive intervention measures to be adopted to reduce health and environmental risks of pesticides are discussed. Although the review has focused on Kuwait, it is relevant in other countries where greater and widespread use of synthetic pesticides to manage pests is a dominant trend.
Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Monitoring of Butterfly Diversity in Diverse Eco‐Climatic Zones of Maharajganj District, Uttar Pradesh, India
Section: Research Keywords: butterfly, biodiversity, conservation, ecosystem, ecological indicator Butterflies are colourful, attractive and ecologically important creatures on the earth. The present study has been carried out in the three different climatic zones of Maharajganj district of Uttar Pradesh, India, during the months of July to December 2024. The three sampling sites were selected, i.e. Vijay Park, Farinda and Paneva Panei, to investigate the diversity of butterfly species. A total of 206 butterfly samples were collected using an insect net. Among them, 13 distinct species of butterflies belonging to 04 different families, such as Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae and Lycaenidae were monitored. The family Nymphalidae was most dominant (106), followed by the Pieridae (70), Papilionidae (17) and the Lycaenidae (13). The distribution pattern of butterflies in numbers was shown as 74, 71 and 61 at Vijay Park, Farinda and Paneva Panei, respectively. According to the Simpson Index of Diversity, the sampling site Farindahas showed the highest score (0.88), followed by Vijay Park (0.85) and Paneva Panei (0.82). The finding score revealed that the population of butterflies needs to be protected by conservation of their habitats, which are degrading continuously due to the exponential expansion of urbanisation and agricultural activities.
Influences of Different Transplanting Methods on Vegetative and Reproductive Traits of Spring Rice (Oryza sativa L.) at Belbari, Morang, Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: spring rice, transplanting methods, SRI, mechanical transplanting, grain yield, multivariate analysis This study assessed the effects of five transplanting methods on the growth and yield performance of spring rice in Belbari, Morang, Nepal. Significant differences (p < 0.01) were observed across treatments for major vegetative and reproductive traits. The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) produced the highest plant height, tiller number, and effective tillers per hill, resulting in the greatest grain yield (7121.48 kg/ha) and biomass yield (11,037.50 kg/ha), followed by mechanical transplanting. Traditional, farmer’s practice, and dry-bed methods showed comparatively lower performance. Days to 50\% flowering did not differ significantly, though SRI and mechanical transplanting slightly prolonged maturity. Multivariate analyses further clarified treatment responses. PCA distinctly separated SRI and mechanical transplanting along yield-associated components, driven by strong loadings from tiller number, effective tillers, plant height, and panicle traits. The correlation matrix confirmed strong positive associations of grain yield with biomass yield, effective tillers, grains per panicle, and test weight. Radar chart patterns highlighted the holistic superiority of SRI across all measured traits, with mechanical transplanting showing moderate-to-high performance. Overall, the study demonstrates that improved transplanting methods; particularly SRI and mechanical transplanting; enhance rice productivity through stronger trait interrelationships and better resource-use efficiency. These methods offer practical solutions for addressing labor constraints and improving profitability and sustainability in Nepal’s eastern Terai.
Role of Livestock Fattening Farms in Bridging the Red Meat Food Security Gap in Egypt: An Economic Analysis
Section: Research Keywords: Agro‐economics, Cattle fattening, Food security, Red meat, Self‐sufficiency, Sustainability The persistent gap between local red meat production and domestic needs in Egypt threatens national food security, with the real self-sufficiency rate declining sharply from 71.2% in 2006 to 36.5% in 2023. This study evaluates the economic potential of cattle fattening farms to bridge this gap. Using econometric time-series analysis (ARCH models) and a field survey in Alexandria Governorate, we analyzed factors influencing production and efficiency. Key findings indicate that red meat supply is significantly influenced by long-term structural economic factors. A 10% increase in available calves and alfalfa production was associated with a 4.14% and 1.9% increase in production, respectively (p < 0.01). Forecasting models predict that raising the operational efficiency of specialized farms from its current average of 57% to a target of 80% could boost total production to approximately 960,065 tons by 2027. The field analysis identified the two-cycle (six-month) fattening system as the most economically efficient (Revenue-to-Cost Ratio: 1.40). This study provides a data-driven framework for policymakers to enhance domestic production through targeted support for farm efficiency and de-risking the critical calf-rearing phase.
Characterization and Nutrient Imbalance Diagnosis of Important Humid Tropical Acidic Coastal Soils of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Section: Research Keywords: soil acidity, nutrient imbalance, organic carbon, SAR, liming strategy The worlds population is growing at an alarming rate amidst global hunger and soil nutrient deterioration. The objective of this study was the assessment characterization and nutrient imbalance diagnosis of important humid tropical acidic coastal soils of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected in triplicates from each of the five locations using an auger at 0–20 cm depth The samples were prepared and subjected to standard laboratory procedures. The experiment was laid in randomized complete block design (RCBD). Generated data were analyzed using analyses of variance and significant means were separated using LSD at 5% probability level. Results showed that soil pH ranged from 4.60 in Akaba to 5.40 in Ogbogoro, indicating strongly to moderately acidity. Soil organic carbon (SOC) ranged from 10.0 g/kg in Ikpetiama to 16.20 gkg-1 in Kpansia. Available phosphorus ranged from 3.75 mgkg-1 in Gbarama to 9.45 mgkg-1 in Kpansia, suggesting moderate availability. Exchangeable bases, calcium (4.78–7.58 cmolkg-1), magnesium (2.59–4.31 cmolkg-1), potassium (0.31–0.73 cmolkg-1). Fertility indexing showed that Akaba and Kpansia possessed comparatively better soil quality, Ogbogoro and Gbarama fell within the low fertility category, and Ikpetiama rated poorest due to combined acidity stress (1.43–1.85 cmolkg-1). Strong correlations between soil organic carbon, nitrogen, and base saturation underscore the importance of maintaining organic matter for sustained fertility. The obtained results of this study necessitates, pressing need for location- specific liming and nutrient management strategies to ameliorate soil acidity and optimize crop productivity in the soils of Yenagoa.
Economic Performance and Sustainability Challenges of Broiler Production in Egypt: A Case Study in Qalyub Governorate
Section: Research Keywords: broiler production, costs and returns, economic analysis, food gap, poultry farms, Qalyubia governorate This study investigates the economic performance and sustainability challenges of broiler production in Egypt, focusing on Qalyubia Governorate. It addresses the persistent national white meat deficit, suboptimal self-sufficiency, and significant market price volatility, largely driven by escalating input costs and consumer demand. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach with primary data from 20 purposively sampled farms in Banha and Toukh, the research reveals a national average poultry meat self-sufficiency rate of approximately 96.4% (2010-2022), indicating a narrow but chronic food gap. At the farm level, broiler production shows high profitability, with an average net return per 45-day cycle of EGP 185,420 and a return on invested capital (ROIC) of EGP 0.33, exceeding traditional bank investment returns. However, this profitability is precarious due to overwhelming reliance on costly inputs (feed, chicks, contributing 86% of total costs) and significant marketing challenges, identified by 80-90% of farmers. The study highlights both economic resilience and acute vulnerabilities, advocating for interventions to stabilize markets, enhance resource efficiency, and support local feed supply chains for long-term sustainability.
Biometric Traits and Biology of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) Reared on Maize (Zea mays) under Laboratory Conditions
Section: Research Keywords: biology, fall armyworm, maize, morphometrics, rearing The Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), a formidable pest now widespread in Nepal, poses a major threat to maize production, underscoring the need for detailed biological insights to inform effective management strategies. Therefore, this study was conducted under laboratory conditions to assess the morphometric and biological parameters of FAW on Zea mays. Morphometric traits such as head capsule width and length, body length and width, adult body length, and wingspan were examined. Biological parameters, including the duration of larval instars, pre-pupal, pupal, and adult stages, were also analyzed. In larvae, the smallest measurements were recorded in the first instar (head capsule length 0.20±0.02 mm; width 0.31±0.02 mm; body length 1.48±0.08 mm; body width 0.30±0.03 mm), while the largest were observed in the sixth instar (2.85±0.09 mm, 2.86±0.06 mm, 33.23±0.43 mm, and 5.15±0.14 mm, respectively). Pupae measured 14.45±0.78 mm in length and 4.40±0.04 mm in width. The adult forewing span (30.5±1.6 mm) was larger than the hindwing span (22.6±1.0 mm), with a body length of 13.8±0.9 mm. Egg hatching took 2 days, and the larval stage lasted between 9 and 14.3 days. The pre-pupal and pupal stages lasted 2.20±0.47 and 9.08±0.90 days, respectively, followed by an adult lifespan of 5.50±1.50 days. The results shed light on the lifecycle, essential for understanding its population dynamics and guiding ecologically based management.
Investigating Eco-Friendly Practices in Vegetable Cultivation: A Comprehensive Analysis of Knowledge and Use among Farmers in Narsingdi, Bangladesh
Section: Research Keywords: eco-friendly practices, farmers, knowledge, utilization, vegetable farming The widespread use of pesticides is a major barrier to sustainable agriculture, polluting vital resources. In this context, eco-friendly agriculture offers a holistic farming approach that promotes health and sustainability. This study aimed to assess vegetable farmers’ knowledge of eco-friendly farming, examine how often they practice these methods, and identify factors influencing their awareness and adoption. A pre-tested structured interview was conducted with 112 vegetable farmers, 50% of the total, in the Shibpur sub-district of Narsingdi, Bangladesh, between January and April 2023. The study focused on farmers’ knowledge and use of environmentally friendly practices. Bloom’s Taxonomy was used to evaluate their knowledge, while use was measured on a 4-point scale (no, rarely, occasionally, frequently). Data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that 71.4% of farmers had moderate knowledge, scoring 78.56% at the application level of Bloom’s Taxonomy. Additionally, 64.3% demonstrated medium-level utilization of eco-friendly practices. Factors such as education, experience, training, and extension contact influenced both knowledge and practice. To increase farmers’ understanding and stimulate adoption, the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) and the Ministry of Education (MoE) should establish adult education and training initiatives and boost extension contact.
Biology and Global Impact of the Tomato Leaf Miner Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) with Sustainable Management Approaches
Section: Review Keywords: biological control, botanicals, integrated pest management, RNAi, Tuta absoluta Tomatoes are among the most economically and nutritionally important crops worldwide, yet their cultivation is increasingly threatened by invasive pests and diseases. Among these, the tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) is one of the most destructive, causing yield losses from about 11% to 100% under severe infestation. Native to South America, this pest has rapidly spread across Asia, Africa, and Europe due to its high reproductive capacity, ecological adaptability, and rising resistance to conventional insecticides. In addition to tomatoes, it also infests other Solanaceous crops and wild hosts, compounding its spread and impact. Infestations result in extensive foliar, stem, and fruit damage, reducing photosynthetic efficiency, lowering market value, and predisposing crops to secondary infections. These effects pose significant economic challenges and threaten global food security. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) currently represents the most viable control strategy, combining cultural practices, mechanical interventions, biological control agents, and judicious pesticide use. Advances in host plant resistance, pheromone-based monitoring, and eco-friendly biopesticides provide promising tools, yet their effectiveness is constrained by the pest’s adaptability and resistance development. Future management requires region-specific, multidisciplinary solutions. Innovative technologies such as RNA interference (RNAi) have shown potential as a targeted, sustainable control method, demonstrating increased larval mortality and population suppression in preliminary studies. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the biology, ecology, and management of T. absoluta, while highlighting key research gaps and future directions to strengthen sustainable tomato production globally.
Impact of Vertical and Horizontal Expansion on Employment Generation in the Egyptian Broiler Sector
Section: Research Keywords: soil conservation, land practices, sustainable management, yield improvement The Egyptian broiler sector constitutes a central component of national food security, yet the socio-economic consequences of its various expansion strategies remain inadequately quantified. This study investigates the differential impacts of vertical and horizontal expansion on employment generation, investment returns, and wage outcomes within the sector. Utilizing time-series data spanning 2000 to 2024, the analysis applies growth rate calculations alongside independent samples t-tests to assess the effectiveness of these expansion approaches. The results demonstrate that both vertical and horizontal expansion significantly enhance productive capacity and stimulate job creation. Horizontal expansion, on average, generates approximately 0.46 thousand additional jobs per year, accompanied by potential investment returns of EGP 5.93 million. In contrast, vertical expansion contributes around 0.34 thousand jobs annually, with associated investment returns of EGP 4.36 million. Despite these positive outcomes in productivity and employment, the analysis reveals that neither expansion model produces a statistically significant increase in aggregate wage levels. This finding showed a notable decoupling between sectoral productivity gains and labor compensation, suggesting that employment growth does not necessarily translate into improved worker earnings. These insights provide critical quantitative evidence for policymakers and sector stakeholders, emphasizing the importance of adopting integrated policy frameworks that not only promote production expansion but also incorporate labor market interventions.
Mapping Gully Erosion Dynamics Near Ahilyanagar, Maharashtra: A Cloud-Based Geospatial Analysis Using Google Earth Engine
Section: Research Keywords: geospatial analysis, gully erosion mapping , semi-arid region, Sentinel-2 Gully erosion represents a significant global environmental challenge, severely impacting land productivity, water resources, and ecological sustainability. The Nagar tehsil and the surrounding area of Ahilyanagar city in Maharashtra belong to semi-arid regions where gully erosion is a major threat to agriculture and water resources. This study used the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to map and assess gully erosion dynamics. By analyzing multi-temporal Sentinel-2 imagery, NDVI, Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), and other environmental data, researchers were able to accurately map gully-affected areas and identify the main factors contributing to their formation. A spatial analysis using a 5 km multi-ring buffer around Ahilyanagar city identified six gully erosion hotspots, revealing that about 40 villages in Nagar Tahsil are highly susceptible to erosion. The study found that the northeastern part of the region had the highest concentration of gullies, while the southern and southeastern parts had very few. The main causes were identified as both human activities, such as deforestation and unsustainable farming, and natural factors like steep slopes and drainage density. This research demonstrates that GEE is an effective, large-scale, and cost-efficient tool for mapping erosion. The findings provide a valuable framework for policymakers to implement targeted conservation strategies, directly supporting global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and India's Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) mission.
Territorial Governance and Inclusive Development in Drâa-Tafilalet’s Date-Palm Sector: Assessing the Green Morocco Plan
Section: Research Keywords: date-palm sector, green morocco plan, participatory planning, social inclusion, territorial governance The Green Morocco Plan (2008–2020) aimed to modernize agricultural value chains, yet its territorial implications for governance, inclusivity, and sustainability remain insufficiently explored. This study investigates its implementation in the Drâa-Tafilalet Region, a major date-palm area characterized by both agricultural potential and persistent socio-economic disparities. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining a survey of producers, interviews with policymakers and stakeholders, and analysis of policy documents. The findings indicate significant improvements in agricultural performance, including an increase of more than 20% in average production and a marked rise in rural household incomes. However, these benefits were unevenly distributed across territories and social groups, with cooperative members capturing greater advantages and some provinces experiencing limited infrastructural progress. Qualitative evidence highlights persistent governance bottlenecks, such as centralized decision-making, weak participatory mechanisms, and insufficient integration of water management. These constraints limited the transformation of technical achievements into durable socio-ecological resilience. By linking agricultural modernization outcomes with territorial governance processes, this research contributes to the literature on agricultural policy and multilevel governance. It also formulates recommendations for the ongoing Generation Green strategy, emphasizing the need for regionally budgeted program contracts, inclusive territorial committees, and integrated resource management to reinforce equity, inclusivity, and sustainability in oasis-based agricultural systems.
Soil Physicochemical, Biochemical and Microbial Properties at Varying Proximities to Ten-Year-Old Palm Oil-Mill Effluent Dumpsite in Derived Savannah
Section: Research Keywords: organic effluents, environmental degradation, enzyme activities, soil basal respiration, wastewater management, ecosystem quality This study assessed the physico-chemical properties, enzyme activities, and basal respiration of a sandy-loam soil around a ten-year-old palm oil mill effluent (POME) dumpsite at Inyi, a representative palm oil-processing community, in southeastern Nigeria. Sampling was from the POME dumpsite and at 20, 60, 100 and 260 m away. Soil pH ranged from alkaline (7.47) at the dumpsite to moderately acidic (5.83) 260 m away. Organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus were highest (3.18\%, 0.406\%, and 76.79 mg/kg, respectively) in POME-dumpsite soil and decreased with distance away from it. The POME-dumpsite soil showed higher contents of the exchangeable bases (K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+; 0.19, 9.33, 9.00 and 0.16 cmol/kg, respectively), cation exchange capacity (22.13 cmol/kg), base saturation (84.40\%) and, hence, higher structure stability than the adjacent soils. Enzyme assays showed decreases in soil dehydrogenase activity with distance away from the dumpsite. Catalase activity was inhibited at the farthest point (260 m) away from the dumpsite, whereas lipase activity was nominally higher in the dumpsite (81.95 µgPNP/gmin) than in the adjacent soils. Basal respiration decreased only at 20 m away from the dumpsite. These results indicate improved soil fertility/health around POME dumpsites relative to directly unaffected surroundings. By positively influencing soil physico-chemical properties and enzyme/microbial activities, long-term controlled dumping of POME could enhance environmental quality. Understanding the interplay between these ecological benefits of controlled POME dumping and the widely acknowledged eco-toxic effects of POME is essential for developing its sustainable management strategies in palm oil-processing regions.
In-Vitro Growth Pattern Estimation of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) using Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
Section: Research Keywords: Azotobacter, biofertilizer, Cicer arietinum, PGPRs, Pseudomonas Nutrient deficiency in the agricultural field gives rise to a challenge for the production of grains at the global level. The utilization of chemical fertilizers to boost crop yield in the present causes detrimental effects on the health of biological communities, including the human population. Therefore, the present research has been designed to isolate two strains, i.e., Pseudomonas and Azotobacter, from the rhizospheric soil of Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea). Both strains of the PGPRs were characterized by performing morphological and biochemical analysis. The inoculation of isolated PGPR bacteria and their effect on Cicer arietinum (chickpea) were conducted under a plant growth chamber where C. arietinum plants were grown in three cups containing autoclaved soil, and each cup was marked for Pseudomonas, Azotobacter, and one for control. Separately, Pseudomonas, Azotobacter cultures were inoculated in two flasks containing 250 ml autoclaved distilled water, and one was used as a control. Incubate the inoculated flasks at 37℃ for three days. Each 50ml suspension was added to each marked cup after a three-day interval. Observed the efficacy of inoculation with PGPR strains separately. In the present study, the root and shoot length of the C. arietinum plant in the presence of bacterial strains were studied. The maximum growth occurs in the Pseudomonas-treated cup in comparison to the Azotobacter. The growth of the C. arietinum plant occurs due to the plant growth-promoting activity of these bacteria. Therefore, bacterial inoculation should be an effective biofertilizer for the growth of C. arietinum.
Agro-Morphological Diversity of White Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa var. altissima) for Climate Change Adaptation in Burkina Faso
Section: Research Keywords: agro-morphological diversity, climate change, endogenous adaptation, local cultivars, yield stability Climate change intensifies the variability of agroclimatic conditions in sub-Saharan Africa, threatening food security through increased droughts, rainfall gaps, and soil degradation. In this context, endogenous adaptation approaches based on local resources, such as White Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa var. altissima), are strategic due to their hardiness and dual food and textile uses. This study aims to characterize the agro-morphological diversity and performance stability of ten local white roselle cultivars from Burkina Faso to identify genotypes best adapted to contrasting climatic environments. The experiment was conducted over two agricultural seasons, dry and wet, in three locations with distinct ecological conditions. A randomized complete block design with three replications was implemented. Thirteen agro-morphological traits were measured. Data were analyzed using multifactor ANOVA, Tukey's HSD test for pairwise comparisons, calculation of the amir index, and stability analyses based on Finlay-Wilkinson and Ammi methods. Results showed a significant influence of cultivar and site factors. Kongkrou, Nikiema, and Konde exhibited good performance and high stability. Bakaridjan and Bala were more sensitive to environmental variations. These findings highlight the importance of valorising local cultivars in breeding strategies for resilient agriculture in West Africa.
Effects of Agricultural Land Practices Management on Sustainable Crop Production
Section: Review Keywords: soil conservation, land practices, sustainable management, yield improvement This study investigates effective soil management practices aimed at enhancing sustainable agricultural production and preventing soil degradation. Soil degradation remains a significant global challenge, threatening food security, ecosystem stability, and rural livelihoods. In this context, adopting well-planned soil conservation measures is essential to maintain long-term agricultural productivity. The research reviews various techniques, including contour farming, mulching, and the use of cover crops, conservation plowing, terracing, and agroforestry. The findings reveal that these methods collectively improve soil structure, increase water infiltration and moisture retention, enhance nutrient cycling, and promote biodiversity. For instance, mulching and cover crops protect the soil from erosion and temperature extremes; while terracing and contour farming reduce surface runoff and increase water availability for crops. Agroforestry not only stabilizes soils but also provides additional economic benefits through diversified farm outputs. These improvements contribute to higher crop and livestock yields, better resilience against climate variability, and overall ecosystem health. However, despite their proven benefits, the widespread implementation of these practices faces significant obstacles. High initial costs of adoption, limited access to skilled labor and technical expertise, and weak legislative and policy support remain major constraints. In many regions, farmers lack financial incentives and government-backed programs to encourage long-term conservation efforts. The study showed that increased financial and technical assistance to farmers, capacity-building programs to develop expertise, and the introduction of strong policy frameworks that promote these globally recognized soil conservation techniques. Addressing these challenges is vital for ensuring soil health, sustainable production, and food security for future generations.
Characterization of Biochar Produced from Locally Available Agricultural Waste Resources for Soil Enhancement in Western Kenya
Section: Research Keywords: agricultural waste, biochar, local resources, soil enhancement, valorization Valorization of agricultural waste offers a circular pathway to mitigate the intertwined crises of climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss. Slow pyrolysis provides an effective route for transforming biomass into biochar, a porous carbonaceous material that can condition degraded soils. We quantified the physicochemical attributes of biochar produced from three contrasting residues that dominate western Kenya’s agroecosystems: coffee husk (CH), sugarcane bagasse (SB), and wood sawdust (WS). Each feedstock was air-dried for 72 h, pyrolyzed in a sealed metal kiln at 350 °C for 60 min, and cooled under an inert atmosphere. Yields averaged 37 % for CH, 32 % for SB, and 28 % for WS. Resultant biochars displayed high pH (8.4–9.2), surface area (145–275 m² g⁻¹), and cation-exchange capacity up to 92 cmol c kg⁻¹, indicating liming and nutrient-retention potential. Elemental analysis revealed increasing aromaticity (H/C < 0.35) and carbon stability with decreasing O/C ratios. Bulk density followed the order WS > SB > CH, whereas porosity exhibited the opposite pattern, reflecting structural differences in the biomasses. The correlation of ash alkalinity with calcium and magnesium contents suggested that feedstock mineralogy largely governs biochar buffering capacity. On the basis of these metrics, CH biochar emerged as the most suitable amendment for acidic Ferralsols, whereas WS biochar may serve better in sandy Arenosols requiring structural improvement. The findings supply evidence that can guide county-level policies seeking to couple waste reduction with soil fertility restoration through biochar adoption within smallholder systems.
Potential of Postharvest Extension Service Delivery in Reducing Food Losses: A Study of Two Periodic Markets in the Eastern Region of Ghana
Section: Research Keywords: Food Loss Periodic Markets, Postharvest Extension This study assessed the current status and potential of postharvest extension in reducing food losses at the Adawso and Asesewa periodic markets in the Eastern Region of Ghana. A survey utilizing direct face-to-face questionnaire interviews to obtain data and information was undertaken on 167 marketers in the two markets by simple random sampling. The results revealed that trading at the two markets was dominated by women (96.4%) mostly of a mixed age group of the youth and middle-aged (72.0%) with the majority (67%) having primary and junior secondary levels of education. Most marketers (71.2%) reported more than 10% postharvest food losses and had no access to postharvest extension services (85.6%) and information on postharvest technologies for food loss prevention or reduction (88.6%). However, marketers were willing to participate in postharvest training (86.6%) and adopt new food loss prevention technologies (85%). Probit regression analysis identified marketers’ education level and access to postharvest extension as significant predictors of their perception of postharvest extension contribution to food loss prevention in the markets. Each additional unit of education increases the likelihood of perceiving postharvest extension as beneficial by 1.21, similarly, access to postharvest extension increases the likelihood by 1.1 times. This implies that education and access to postharvest extension services are significant factors in food loss prevention and reduction. The study therefore suggests that provision of the services in the markets that include practical demonstrations and hands-on training presents a valuable opportunity for food loss reduction to promote sustainability.
Unlocking the Genetic Potential of Soybean (Glycine max L.) Accessions for Enhanced Yield and Crude Protein
Section: Research Keywords: diversity index, grain yield, seed protein, soybean To elucidate improved germplasm for grain yield and seed protein content, ten soybean accessions were evaluated in a replicated randomized complete block design. This study reveals substantial phenotypic variation, with protein content spanning 34.48% to 42.10%. PK-7394 recorded the highest protein level (42.10%) but showed reduced grain yield, whereas Hardee produced a maximum yield of 3.89 t ha⁻¹. TGX-1990-114FN combined high protein content (40.98%) with competitive yield (3.85 t ha⁻¹), thereby corroborating its potential as a prime genetic resource. Correlational analyses revealed positive associations between grain yield and nodule count (r = 0.55) as well as seed diameter (r = 0.16). Protein content exhibited a high Shannon-Wiener diversity index (1.09), highlighting variability across accessions. By integrating high yield and enhanced protein content, TGX-1990-114FN emerged as an optimal genetic resource for breeding programs focused on developing high-yielding and nutritionally enriched soybean varieties. Such findings offer valuable insights into advancing agricultural productivity and addressing global food security challenges.
Agro-Morphological Evaluation of Hybrid Maize (Zea mays) in the Subtropical Region of Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: hybrid maize, grain yield, genotype evaluation, agro-morphological traits Agro-morphological characterization is crucial to evaluate the performance of maize hybrids on the basis of various traits and to identify superior hybrids with desirable features. The objective of this research was to identify the superior maize hybrid based on field performance. A total of thirteen maize hybrids were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Sharanamati, Jhapa, Nepal during March-July, 2024. All the data except grain yield was recorded from five sample plants in each plot where grain yield was recorded from the whole plot and statistical analysis was done using R-studio. The results revealed that Superking-4455 is more appropriate for areas with shorter growing seasons since it generally flowers sooner in comparison to other genotypes such as INH-5619 and RH-6. Shorter plants like PAC-7202309 were found to be more resistant to lodging and are preferred in certain regions where wind or heavy rains are common over tall varieties like Star-56. The maximum grain yield was 10.09 t/ha which was achieved by Star-56, closely followed by Superking-4455 and RH-6 whose yield was 9.67 t/ha and 9.54 t/ha respectively. PAC-7202309 produced the lowest yield which was 4.49 t/ha, most likely as a result of its low TGW, NOP, and NOC. The results suggested that, while low-performing genotypes like PAC-7202309 need more research or breeding and agronomic methods to improve their performance, high-performing genotypes like RH-6, Star-56, and Superking-4455 are excellent possibilities for enhancing maize output in Saranamati, Jhapa.
Addressing Nutritional Challenges through Agricultural Extension: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Nutrition-Sensitive Interventions
Section: Review Keywords: agricultural extension, biofortification, dietary diversity, food security, gender equity The global nutrition crisis, characterized by the triple burden of undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and obesity-related non-communicable diseases, poses a systemic challenge to human health and sustainable development, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Agricultural extension services (AES), traditionally focused on productivity, are increasingly pivotal in delivering nutrition-sensitive agriculture (NSA) interventions to address these issues. This systematic review synthesizes evidence from 42 studies (2015–2025) to evaluate the effectiveness of NSA through AES, with a focus on dietary diversity, micronutrient status, and food security in LMICs. Key findings highlight the efficacy of nutrition education, biofortification, gender-sensitive strategies, digital innovations, and policy coherence in improving nutritional outcomes. Successful cases—such as Rwanda’s Home Garden Program, India’s Nutrition Gardens, and Uganda’s biofortification efforts—demonstrate AES’s transformative potential when integrated with multisectoral approaches. However, challenges, including resource scarcity, cultural resistance, and fragmented policies, persist, alongside research gaps in the longitudinal impacts and urban-rural dynamics. Recommendations include capacity building, technological scaling, and policy alignment to embed AES within national nutrition frameworks, advancing Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger). This review highlights AES as a critical lever in the agriculture-nutrition nexus, offering scalable strategies to nourish populations sustainably.
Dietary Behaviors and Nutrition Knowledge Among Farm Households: A Comprehensive Review and Action Framework
Section: Review Keywords: climate resilience, dietary behaviours, gender equity, nutrition knowledge, sustainable development This systematic review gathers evidence from 85 peer-reviewed studies, spanning 2004 to 2023, drawn from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Agricola according to PRISMA standards, to explore the intricate patterns of dietary practices and nutritional awareness in these communities. Concentrating on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), we investigate how farming methods, economic limitations, gender roles, cultural traditions, and climate adaptation approaches influence nutritional health. Findings indicate that financial pressures, scarce nutrition education, gender disparities, and seasonal changes persistently erode dietary variety and overall well-being. For example, many households trade nutrient-rich crops for income, exacerbating micronutrient deficiencies, while just one-third attain sufficient dietary diversity for women. On the other hand, nutrition-sensitive agriculture and programs targeting gender show potential: educational efforts have markedly increased vegetable consumption, and households led by women often surpass those led by men in dietary diversity. Empowering women has also lowered child stunting by enhancing resource access. Yet, gaps in knowledge dissemination, cultural adaptation, and equitable resource distribution hinder wider success, with rural outreach often limited by funding shortages. We suggest a nutrition-sensitive agriculture framework integrating gender-inclusive policies, climate-resilient farming, and community-based education to tackle these issues, supporting global aims for zero hunger and gender equality. This study calls for long-term research over 5–10 years to evaluate intervention sustainability and cost-effectiveness, alongside qualitative work to decode cultural barriers. Our practical insights aim to steer policymakers, researchers, and practitioners toward improving farm household nutrition, ensuring these essential food producers also prosper.
Evaluation of Rice Landraces for Yield and Related Traits Under Rainfed Conditions in Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: agronomic performance, cluster analysis, grain yield, rainfed condition, rice landraces The primary staple crop in Nepal in terms of production and cultivated area is rice (Oryza sativa L.). This study evaluates the agronomic performance of fifteen genotypes of rice landraces under rainfed conditions in Krishnapur municipality, Kanchanpur, Nepal, during the rainy season of 2023. The experiment was conducted on an alpha lattice design with two replications. The study focused on yield and yield-related traits, including tiller per plant, plant height, panicle length, and grain length and width. ANOVA showed a significant variation among different genotypes for various traits. Rai Manuwa showed the highest tiller per plant (9), plant height (146 cm), panicle length (27.5 cm), and grain yield per plant (16.63 gm.), indicating greater drought adaptability. However, Sorali showed the lowest performance across most traits, indicating poor drought tolerance. The yield trait association analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between the total grain yield, average tiller per plant, and average panicle length. Therefore, yield could be increased by selecting these traits. Using the cluster analysis process, fifteen different genotypes of rice landraces were grouped into four groups. Genotypes in Cluster 2 (Rai Manuwa, Sarju) and Cluster 3 (Taichin) were identified as potential genotypes and tiller per plant, panicle length, and grain yield as potential traits for the breeding programs focused on improving drought tolerance.
Long-Term Influence of Coal Mining Activities on Physico-Chemical and Hydraulic Properties of Sandy Tropical Soils
Section: Research Keywords: coal mining, disturbed soil, fallow land, soil properties, undisturbed soil Long-term surface coal mining near agricultural zones can degrade arable land and reduce soil productivity. This study evaluated the effects of extended coal mining on sandy soil properties in three mining areas of Ankpa LGA, Kogi State, Nigeria—Okaba-Odagbo (55 years), Okobo-Enjema (12 years), and Onupi (9 years). Soil samples were collected from both mining sites and adjacent fallow (arable) lands and analyzed using standard methods. Statistical comparisons were made using t-tests and Pearson correlation. Across all locations, mining significantly influenced (p < 0.05) soil pH and bulk density. Mining sites showed lower pH (t = –2.49) and higher bulk density (t = 2.35) compared to fallow lands. Site-specific analysis revealed pronounced effects only at Okaba-Odagbo, where the longest mining history corresponded with increased clay content and bulk density (t = 5.00 and 5.69, respectively). No significant differences were observed at Okobo-Enjema and Onupi. When averaged across locations, mining sites had slightly higher values for clay content (10.68%), soil organic carbon (1.81%), exchangeable sodium (0.38 cmol/kg), porosity (0.44), water holding capacity (20.94%), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (56.66 cm/h) compared to fallow lands. The reduced pH at mining sites was linked to sodium and clay enrichment and loss of base-forming elements, while higher bulk density was attributed to decreased macro-aggregation. The findings suggest that coal mining alters the physical and chemical properties of tropical sandy soils, leading to acidification and compaction, which can impair soil quality, permeability, and long-term agricultural productivity.
Evaluation of Agroecological Performance Toward Sustainable Agriculture of Beni Municipality, Myagdi, Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: agroecology, characterization, soil health, transition This study assessed the effectiveness of agroecological farming practices in Beni municipality, Myagdi district, Nepal, by surveying 150 households. The analysis considered various sociodemographic factors, occupations, and ecological aspects to calculate the Characterization of Agroecological Transition (CAET) scores. Only 20 out of the 150 farms received CAET scores between 50-60%, categorizing them as “incipiently transitioning” toward agroecological practices. Three of the ten evaluated elements scored below 40%, while four scored below 50%, and the remaining three were under 60%, resulting in an overall average score of 43.39%. This low score indicates limited adoption of agroecological practices in the area. The highest CAET scores were associated with male farmers, individuals identifying as Brahmin, those with basic literacy, and farms involved in beekeeping, where beneficial pollinators were present. Beekeeping was significantly correlated with higher CAET scores and also linked with food self-sufficiency for daily needs. Additionally, significant differences in CAET scores were observed across gender, ethnicity, and involvement in beekeeping. The study concludes that while interest in agroecological practices exists, adoption is hampered by limited knowledge and socioeconomic challenges. To foster greater agroecological transitions, targeted education and support systems must be developed, with a focus on integrating beekeeping and promoting a pollinator-friendly environment.
Assessment on Impact of Agricultural Subsidies on Potato Production: Evidence from Syangja, Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: agricultural policies, equitable distribution, market saturation, profitability, technology adoption This study examines the impact of agricultural subsidies on potato production in the Syangja District of Nepal, where the current productivity is not sufficient to meet the increasing demand despite favorable policies by the government. The study analyses data from 103 potato farmers across four municipalities of Syangja, using a mixed-methods approach to assess the changes in yield, profitability, and farming practices- after the implementation of agricultural subsidies. Major findings of this study reveal substantial improvements: yield increased by 37%, gross margin increased by 85%, and the benefit-cost ratio increased by 72%, following subsidy. Agricultural subsidies also promoted the rapid adoption of modern farming techniques like the use of quality seeds, fertilizers, modern machineries, and improved farming techniques. Regardless, the study unravels critical challenges of such support, including a 15% decline in potato market price, reflecting marketing saturation, and disproportionate benefits to large-scale farmers due to unbalanced subsidy allocation. Although the result demonstrates the efficacy of agricultural subsidies in enhancing short-term productivity and farm income, it also highlights structural challenges in program design regarding equitable access to such programs and market linkages of farm produce. These findings contribute to ongoing policy discussions by providing empirical evidence that while agricultural subsidies help to intensify agriculture, their long-term sustainability requires fair distribution, enhanced extension services, and improved market infrastructures. The study provides valuable policy recommendations for policymakers to improve subsidy schemes towards sustainable agriculture development in Nepal and similar contexts.
What Factors Influence Farmer's Behavior in Adopting Integrated Pest Management Practices in Mountains of Nepal?
Section: Research Keywords: adoption behavior, benefits, confidence, sustainable agriculture, training Farmers who have attended the season-long integrated pest management-farmers’ field school (IPM-FFS) are more likely to adopt IPM practices but significant knowledge gaps persist regarding the extent of IPM adoption among farmers in Nepal and the factors influencing their practices. This study thus looks at factors influencing farmers' decisions to adopt IPM practices in Kavrepalanchok district of Nepal. It focuses on six components of the health belief model (HBM): benefits, severity, susceptibility, barriers, self-efficacy, and cues to action. We interviewed both IPM-FFS-trained and other non-trained farmers. Poisson's regression and bootstrapping were used to analyze the relationship between HBM components (independent variables) and the adoption of IPM practices (dependent variable). The analysis was done separately for "IPM-FFS farmers," "other farmers," and both groups combined. Findings show increased adoption of IPM practices by the IPM-FFS trained farmers, driven mainly by the benefits (IRR 1.32, p<0.01). However, HBM components did not show a substantial impact on enhancing the adoption of IPM practices among "other farmers." When combined, perceived benefits (IRR 1.35, p<0.01), self-efficacy (IRR 1.41, p < 0.01), and cues to action (IRR 1.34, p<0.01) significantly enhanced the adoption of greater IPM practices. Findings are similar between normal and bootstrap Poisson regressions. This study shows the importance of improving farmers' confidence through targeted training programs in promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
Impact of Packaging Materials on Banana Shelf Life and Quality in Subtropical Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: packaging materials, postharvest losses, shelf life, storage period Banana is a highly perishable crop susceptible to significant postharvest losses, particularly during handling and transportation throughout the supply chain. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different packaging materials—polythene bags, cardboard boxes, banana leaves, rice straw, and no packaging (control)—on the shelf life and quality of bananas in subtropical conditions. A completely randomized design (CRD) was employed with five postharvest treatments and four replicates. Major quality parameters assessed over a 16-day storage period included total soluble solids (TSS), pulp firmness, pH, fruit volume, pulp-to-peel ratio, and fruit weight. The results revealed that bananas packaged in polythene bags exhibited the highest fruit volume (81.25 cm3) and the greatest pulp firmness (0.38 kg/cm2), indicating better texture retention. The highest pH value (6.64) was recorded for bananas packed in cardboard, suggesting slower ripening. The control group (no packaging) exhibited the highest TSS, reflecting faster ripening and potential deterioration. Polythene packaging proved most effective in preserving the initial fruit weight and reducing moisture loss during storage. Both polythene and cardboard packaging significantly enhanced the shelf life and maintained the quality attributes of bananas compared to other treatments. The findings suggest that appropriate packaging materials, particularly polythene and cardboard, play a crucial role in minimizing postharvest losses and extending the shelf life of bananas in subtropical environments. Adopting these packaging methods could improve fruit quality during storage and transportation, thereby supporting better market value and reducing economic losses.
Utilizing Temple Floral Waste to Address the Resource Crunch in the Perfume Industry: A Case Study of Kannauj District, Uttar Pradesh, India
Section: Research Keywords: environmental pollution, floral waste, sustainability , waste management Temples have long served as centers of devotion, where offering flowers is a significant ritual. However, this practice generates substantial floral waste, with renowned temples like Sheetala Chaukiya, Diyawan Mahadev, and Markandeya Mahadev collectively disposing of several quintals of flowers daily in Kannauj district of Uttar Pradesh, India. These discarded flowers are often dumped into water bodies or open pits, contributing to environmental pollution. Addressing this challenge, the present study explores the sustainable conversion of floral waste into Itra (perfume) using various extraction techniques. The study employed a convenience sampling method, gathering data from 500 respondents involved in the perfume industry in Kannauj. Statistical analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between increased profit and the success of the perfumery industry (r = 0.567, p < 0.01), as well as between financial assistance and business success (r = 0.643, p < 0.01). These findings underscore the potential of floral waste conversion to enhance economic outcomes for stakeholders. The perfume extraction process demonstrated efficiency, supporting entrepreneurship and providing employment opportunities. Additionally, residual floral waste can be repurposed for composting, contributing to sustainable waste management practices. Overall, this study presents an eco-friendly solution to floral waste pollution while promoting economic development through value-added product generation. This approach not only aids in environmental sustainability but also supports socio-economic growth by encouraging local entrepreneurship and reducing waste disposal issues.
Geospatial Approach to Soil Fertility Mapping in Dailekh District, Nepal: A GIS Perspective
Section: Research Keywords: ordinary kriging, semivariogram, spatial dependency, trend analysis Spatial mapping of the soil gives the distribution patterns of the nutrients, which is crucial for integrated nutrient management, site-specific crop selection, water resource management, and adaptation to climate change for optimizing productivity. This research aims to identify the spatial variability of soil chemical properties in the Dailekh district of Karnali Province, Nepal, by preparing a map in a raster setting. A total of 204 samples were collected using stratified random sampling techniques using Google Earth Pro and were analyzed using IBM SPSS 27.0 and Arc Map 10.2 software. The classical statistical method was used for the descriptive analysis of sampled data. The Quantile Quantile (QQ) plot was made to visualize the distribution pattern, and non-normal data were log-transformed to match the straight line. Before making a map, sampled datasets were examined using the trend analysis feature of Arc Map using second-order polynomials in 3D scattered plots. The widely used interpolation technique, Ordinary kriging of two Exponential and Circular models, was applied to data and cross-validated with minimum estimated errors. Fertility mapping of parameters results in more than 81%, 56 %, and 57% of the areas covered by nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, with medium in status. Similarly, organic matter has low content shades in 65% of areas and moderately acidic pH in 49% of areas. This research supports decision-making for nutrient distribution across agricultural fields and sustainable land management for precision farming.
Assessment of Agro-Morphological and Yield-Related Traits of Vijay Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Variety Under Different Ploughing and Non-Ploughing Techniques
Section: Research Keywords: agro-morphological traits, mechanical ploughing, tillage methods , wheat Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is essential for global food security, but its productivity is constrained by biotic and abiotic stresses, including climate change. This study examines the effects of different tillage methods on the agro-morphological and yield-related traits of the Vijay wheat variety under varying ploughing and non-ploughing techniques. Conducted at the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Research Centre (AMTRC) in Nawalpur, Sarlahi, Nepal, the experiment followed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with seven tillage practices: (i) Cultivator + Rotavator + Seed sowing, (ii) Cultivator + Zero tillage, (iii) Rotavator + Seed sowing + Rotavator, (iv) Zero tillage + Seed drill, (v) Seed drill, (vi) Zero tillage, and (vii) Farmer’s practice. Key traits measured included phenological stages, tiller count, plant height, spike length, leaf number, and grain yield. The results revealed significant variations among tillage practices. The Cultivator + Rotavator + Seed sowing method produced the highest grain yield (4.060 t/ha), outperforming other treatments. Correlation analysis showed that days to maturity (DM) had a strong positive correlation with grain yield (r = 0.700***), whereas days to anthesis (DA) exhibited a negative correlation (r = -0.195). Regression analysis confirmed DM as a key yield determinant (b = 0.1167, r² = 0.462), while plant height also showed a positive influence (r² = 0.412). These findings highlight the importance of selecting optimal tillage practices to improve wheat productivity. Integrating conservation tillage with conventional methods offers a sustainable approach to enhancing yield in diverse agricultural systems.
Impact of Rainfall Variations on the Production of Major Crops: Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Maize (Zea mays) in Burao District, Somaliland
Section: Review Keywords: agricultural productivity, constraints, major crops, rainfall variations This study examines the impact of rainfall variability on the production of major crops sorghum and maize in Burao District, Somaliland. Given that agriculture in the region is predominantly rainfed, fluctuations in rainfall patterns significantly affect crop yields and food security. The study reviews existing literature and data to assess trends in rainfall variations and their consequences for agricultural productivity. Findings indicate that inconsistent rainfall, prolonged dry spells, and drought conditions have led to decreased crop yields, affecting both food availability and farmer livelihoods. Additionally, farmers in the region face multiple constraints, including limited access to irrigation, financial resources, and modern agricultural techniques. The study highlights the necessity of climate adaptation strategies, such as drought-resistant crop varieties, improved water management, and policy interventions, to mitigate the impacts of climate variability. Strengthening agricultural extension services and adopting climate-smart farming practices are crucial to ensuring sustainable crop production in Burao District.
Toxicological Effects of Mercury-Induced Biochemical Alterations in Curry Leaves (Murraya koenigii) Plants
Section: Research Keywords: curry leaves, heavy metals, mercury, Murraya koenigii, soil pollution Heavy metals, including mercury (Hg), accumulate in the environment via atmospheric deposition, aquatic transport, and terrestrial pathways, eventually settling in soil and sediments. Once these metals become bioavailable, they pose significant ecological and toxicological risks. Upon exposure, plants absorb them, leading to harmful agronomic, physiological, and biochemical effects. The present study aims to assess the toxicological effects of mercury on the biochemical alterations in Murraya koenigii (curry leaves) plants. M. koenigii plants were assigned to four groups: Group 1 (control) in uncontaminated soil, and Groups 2, 3, and 4 exposed to 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg of Hg, respectively. All plants were kept under controlled environmental conditions to promote optimal growth. The results revealed that elevated mercury concentrations significantly impaired critical growth parameters, including seed germination, root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight, and vigour index, all of which reflect suppressed plant growth and productivity. Biochemical analysis further demonstrated substantial reductions in primary metabolites, such as carbohydrates and proteins, with the most pronounced decreases observed at higher mercury concentrations. These alterations suggest that Hg-induced oxidative stress causes cellular damage, disruption of nutrient assimilation, and disturbances in enzyme activity. Additionally, significant reductions in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content were observed, further indicating impaired photosynthetic capacity. Overall, the findings underscore the detrimental effects of mercury on plant metabolic processes, highlighting its potential to cause long-term growth inhibition and metabolic dysfunction, with broader implications for plant productivity, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem health.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Thrips (Thrips tabaci) in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus var. Chadani)
Section: Research Keywords: effectiveness, insecticides, population, thrips Both biotic and abiotic factors have a considerable impact on cucumber production; the frequency of pests and diseases operate as important restrictions, resulting in yield losses ranging from 35 to 60%. Among pests, cucumber leaves, flowers, buds, stems, and fruits are severely damaged by thrips. This study compares the effectiveness of various insecticides in controlling cucumber thrips. The Chadani variety was the subject of an experiment utilizing a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with seven treatments and three replications at the Gauradaha Agriculture Campus in Jhapa, from February 14 to May 30, 2023. Treatments were applied 3 times using a foliar spray method. Data regarding the thrips population before spraying insecticides and after the 2nd, 4th, and 6th days of spraying were recorded. Data were collected and analyzed using ANOVA in GenStat (15th edition), with mean separation by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Thiamethoxam exhibited the highest Population Reduction over Control (PROC) at 68.65% (first spray), 28.00% (second spray), and 34.44% (third spray), followed by Imidacloprid (61.54%, 27.95%, and 32.27%) and Dimethoate (53.66%, 18.11%, and 17.31%). The highest yield was recorded in Thiamethoxam (28.13 tons/ha), followed by Imidacloprid (26.62 tons/ha) and Dimethoate (19.09 tons/ha). These findings demonstrate that Thiamethoxam significantly reduces thrips populations and enhances productivity and economic returns, making it a superior choice for pest management in cucumber cultivation in Jhapa, Nepal.
Using Digital Tools to Assess Soil Variables in Selected Counties in North Rift, Kenya
Section: Research Keywords: climate change, digital tools, soil variables, sustainable livelihood The need for techniques and instruments that enable rapid soil testing has gained attention in the face of climate change and environmental degradation. This could improve efficiency and productivity by providing real-time, high-quality, and accessible data for decision-making. This study used GPS tools to visualize, analyze, and gather essential field information and applied Near Infra-Red Spectrometry to assess soil parameters and recommend corrective action for sustainable livelihood in five Counties in North Rift Kenya. Soil reaction varied from 5.5 in Kaptega, Transnzoia, to 7.8 in Kospir, Turkana counties. Low soil pH and CEC were recorded in parts of Nandi and Transnzoia counties. Soils from the dryland ecologies in Turkana, W. Pokot, and Samburu were predominantly alkaline. Total organic Carbon was generally low in the dryland ecologies of Samburu and Turkana. Low soil fertility was generally indicated in Samburu, Turkana, and W. Pokot. This was attributable to the low organic carbon levels and low precipitation, which may have negatively influenced soil microbial activity. Sustainable farming practices such as crop rotation, mulching, mixed farming, cover cropping, and minimum/conservation tillage are recommended in areas where crop cultivation is feasible. Amelioration of soils with agricultural lime and organic matter is highly recommended in the affected areas within the agropastoral counties for improved production to guarantee food security and sustainable livelihoods.
A Review on What Consequence Did COVID-19 Leave on Agriculture and Its Associated Sectors?
Section: Review Keywords: agriculture, allied sectors, COVID-19, impacts Throughout history, humanity has grappled with the widespread repercussions of pandemics, both economically and socially. The contemporary landscape contending with multifaceted challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic brings to the forefront a need for a thorough examination of its pervasive impact on agriculture and its interconnected sectors. Governments across the globe have responded with a spectrum of non-pharmaceutical interventions, encompassing measures such as social distancing, self-quarantine, and travel restrictions. While these interventions aim to mitigate the spread of the virus, their consequences also extend to vital sectors such as agriculture, that have received limited attention thus far. The disruption of supply chains, coupled with reduced production and distribution, has engendered a cascade of challenges. Notably affected are sectors integral to agriculture, including floriculture, information collection, pisciculture, irrigation facilities, agro-processing units, animal husbandry, labor availability, etc. The current study aims to disentangle the intricacies of challenges faced by agriculture and its allied sectors in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. By unravelling the complexities of this global crisis, it aims to contribute to the academic discourse, fostering a deeper understanding of the implications for sustainable development, economic resilience, and policy information.
Farmers’ Perception and Adaptation Strategies on Climate Change and Variability in Rice Production in Sarlahi, Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: climate resilience, improved rice varieties, sustainable agriculture, temperature variability A study conducted in Sarlahi, Nepal, from February to July 2024 examined farmers' perceptions of climate change and their adaptive strategies to sustain rice yields. Among the 94 surveyed households, 96.8% reported rising temperatures, while 90.4% noted reduced rainfall frequency and intensity. Additionally, most respondents (70.2%) observed decreased flooding intensity, and 90.4% reported lower water availability in tube wells, ponds, and rivers. The study revealed limited climate knowledge among farmers, with only 2.1% being well-informed; personal experience was the primary source of information for 75.5% of respondents. Farmers employed various adaptation techniques, including improved rice varieties (66%), green manuring (34%), and alternate wetting and drying (24.5%), although only a small percentage (8.5%) utilized crop insurance. Key challenges included climate-induced disease outbreaks like blast and bacterial blight, along with pests such as the rice stem borer and leaf roller. The findings indicated that gender and landholding size significantly influenced the adoption of adaptation practices, with larger landholders more likely to adapt than smaller ones. This research contributes valuable insights into the adaptive capacities of farmers facing climate change, underscoring the need for targeted policy interventions to enhance resilience in rice cultivation through comprehensive education and resource support.
Copyright (c) 2024 Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ecological Disturbances and Adaptation of Mangroves in High-Disturbance Urban Areas of Navi Mumbai in India
Section: Research Keywords: coastal ecosystem, conservation, heavy metal toxicity, mangroves Mangroves are coastal ecosystems characterized by salt-tolerant intertidal forest structures that serve as vital buffer zones between the coastal waters and human habitats. They expose an evolutionary course spanning around 60 million years, leading to the emergence of tailored adaptations like salt-excreting glands and prop roots. Despite widespread acknowledgment of their value, mangroves are swiftly declining due to coastal development and climate change. Rapid urbanization has increased anthropogenic pressures on these ecosystems, yet comprehensive assessments of their resilience in highly disturbed environments remain limited. This study looks at the ecological health of mangrove populations across three sites in Navi Mumbai, areas facing high urban and industrial growth. The analysis revealed elevated Zn (-0.88, p < 0.001), Cu (-0.73, p < 0.01), Pb (-0.70, p < 0.05), and Mn (-0.76, p < 0.01) correlating with reduced plant height, alongside consistently acidic water pH (mean = 5.93) and high salinity (range: 35–40 PSU). These conditions amplify metal mobility and toxicity, disrupting pneumatophore function, and lowering DO (mean = 3.8 mg/L), reflecting ecological degradation. Despite these stressors, mangrove populations exhibited decent growth traits, demonstrating a capacity for urban adaptation. Regulations of industrial discharge to reduce heavy metal specifically zinc contamination, coupled with targeted restoration efforts focusing on enhancing mangrove density and structural integrity, are essential to sustain these ecosystems.
Sustainability of Irrigation Practices and Water-Pricing Tools in Water-Stressed Tropical Countries: A Way Forward for Sustainable Water Governance
Section: Review Keywords: irrigation practices, water governance, water pricing, water stress Increasing water stress threatens agriculture, livelihood, and sustainability in Tropical countries. Asian and Sub-Saharan African countries in the Tropical region are projected as the future hotspots of water scarcity due to rising population pressure and climate variability. Around 87 out of 180 countries will turn into ‘water-stressed’ and 45 countries into ‘absolute water scarcity’ by 2050. Irrigation water demand accounts for 70% of all freshwater withdrawals globally. Due to varying climatic, topographical, and governance conditions, the agriculture techniques in the 54 tropical countries are indigenous to the local conditions. The main objective is to review the challenges in irrigation water management in seven water-stressed Tropical countries among the 54 countries. These countries are identified based on the baseline country data mined from FAO’s AQUASTAT database. A systematic literature review focusing on sustainable irrigation practices, the economic effects of water-pricing tools, and the role of policies and institutions were studied. The discussion centered on environmental sustainability, financial sustainability, institutional sustainability, and the resilience of agriculture to climate variability impacts. Community-based interventions, successful financial models, and policy and institutional reforms were perceived from successful irrigation systems. Implementation of climate-smart agricultural practices, shifting to water-saving technologies and irrigation methods, empowering the institutions, and enforcing policies and regulations to restrict resource overuse are recommended solutions for Sustainable Water Governance.
Effects of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth, Nodulation, and Yield of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. var. Puja]
Section: Research Keywords: bio-fertilizers, Rhizobium, soybean , sustainable agriculture Inefficient fertilizer management is a major reason for the low soybean productivity in Nepal. This study conducted at an altitude of 811 meters in Baitadi, Nepal, examined the effects of integrated nutrient management on soybean growth, nodulation, and yield. Employing an RCBD experimental layout with 3 replications, the study evaluated 9 treatments, namely: Control, Rhizobium+100% PK, Rhizobium+50% RDF, Rhizobium+75% RDF, Vermicompost+50% RDF, Vermicompost+75% RDF, FYM+50% RDF, FYM+75% RDF, RDF (NPK @ 10:40:30 kg/ha). The results revealed that ‘Rhizobium+100% PK’ produced maximum plant height (140.8 cm), dry weight growth rate (2.89 gram/plant/day), nodule count (11.33), and nodule mass (0.55 gram). ‘Rhizobium+75% RDF’ produced the highest number of trifoliate leaves (62.78) and leaf area index (15.30). Furthermore, ‘Vermicompost+50% RDF’ resulted in a maximum fresh weight growth rate (7.86 gram/plant/day), ‘RDF’ resulted in the highest root diameter (12.89 mm), and ‘FYM+75% NPK’ produced highest 1000-grain weight (145.9 g). The treatments ‘VC+75 % RDF’ and ‘Rhizobium+50 % RDF’ stood out with a remarkable grain yield of 3.659 tons/ha and 3.642 tons/ha respectively. These two treatments were statistically indistinguishable regarding grain yield. The application of ‘VC+75 % RDF’ or ‘Rhizobium+50 % RDF’ can prove to be an effective way to enhance the productivity of soybean. However, the performance of soybean can vary depending on the variety, intercultural operations, environmental conditions, and residual nutrient status of the soil. Therefore, we recommend further research to solidify these findings.
A Case Study on Characterization and Management of Solid Waste at Selected Spiritual Sites in Dehradun, India
Section: Research Keywords: biodegradable, solid waste, temple waste, waste management The objective of this study is to evaluate the nature and extent of solid waste generated in selected areas of Dehradun, examining the disposal techniques employed and characterizing the waste produced during both normal days and festival days. Additionally, the study aims to educate the community on solid waste management practices and to calculate the average per capita waste generation. The results demonstrate that the ratio of biodegradable waste, primarily comprising flowers, fruits, and vegetables, constituted the highest proportion of waste in all analyzed temples. Of these, flowers represented the most prevalent form of biodegradable waste. The high percentage of floral waste indicates a significant volume of offerings, underscoring the necessity for the development of effective composting and organic recycling plans. Furthermore, the study demonstrates a correlation between an increase in the average generation of waste and the occurrence of holidays or festivals. Consequently, an analysis of waste-to-energy projects will facilitate the transformation of waste into electricity, thereby creating additional space in temples and promoting the utilization of environmentally friendly energy sources.
Soil Quality Variations Across Different Land Use Patterns in Central Doon Valley of Dehradun, India: A Comparative Study
Section: Research Keywords: barren land, Doon valley , forest area, soil quality Soil is the most basic and yet most complex component of terrestrial ecosystems. It regulates most of the ecosystem processes and provides a large part of the earth’s biodiversity for the physical basis for many human activities. The major objectives of this study are to examine the physio-chemical characteristics of soil in both disturbed and undisturbed areas of Dehradun and to analyze soil pollution indices related to heavy metals in these areas. The study was conducted in the Suddhowala and Selaqui areas of Jhajra Forest Range, Dehradun, India. The soil samples were collected from six different land use patterns of SS1-SS6 from March to May (2024). The Physical parameters such as Moisture Content, Water Holding Capacity, and Electrical Conductivity, and the chemical parameters such as pH, Total Nitrogen, Organic Carbon, Organic Matter, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Sulphur were analyzed and the heavy metals such as Zinc, Boron, Copper, Manganese and Iron were measured. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), degree of contamination (CD), and pollution load index (PLI) were studied. The study finds gaps in how micronutrient status is evaluated to meet the soil needs.
Impact of Metro Construction Activities on Air Quality: A Case Study of Delhi Region in North India
Section: Research Keywords: air quality, air quality index, construction activities, megacity The current study investigated the concerns about the possible effects of metro infrastructure's fast growth on the environment, particularly air quality. This study investigates how the building of metro lines in Delhi, India, affects the quality of the air at the selected locations in south and west parts of union territory of Delhi. Different air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), gaseous pollutants like nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), were monitored. Air Quality Index (AQI) was also applied to the obtained data to convert the intricate data into single digits. The findings revealed that the values of PM10 and PM2.5 were beyond the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) threshold at the proximity of metro work zones due to construction activity. Moreover, higher NO2 concentrations were noted because of construction machinery operations and vehicle emissions. The study emphasizes the necessity of efficient mitigation solutions, such as green barriers, emission control plans, and dust suppression tactics, to reduce the negative environmental effects of metro development on Delhi's air quality. The results of this study can help urban planners and politicians to create sustainable development plans for transportation infrastructure that protect the environment and public health.
Diversity and Relative Abundance of Insect Visitors of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) at Baisjagar, Tanahun, Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: Apis cerana, Diversity, Litchi pollinators, sticky trap Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a highly cross-pollinated plant, and the identification of insect visitors is critical for enhancing its production. A study was conducted in Baisjagar, Tanahun, Nepal, from March to April 2023 to assess the diversity and relative abundance of insect visitors to Litchi trees. The experiment involved the use of yellow sticky traps placed on five different Litchi trees, with two traps installed per tree on branches near the panicles. Readings were taken weekly over four weeks. A total of eighteen insect species from six orders and thirteen families were identified during the study. Among the recorded insects, the order Diptera was the most abundant, accounting for 51.12% of the total, and was represented by five families: Syrphidae, Sarcophagidae, Calliphoridae, Muscidae, and Tachinidae. This was followed by Hymenoptera (32.02%), Hemiptera (12.54%), Lepidoptera (2.24%), Coleoptera (1.31%), and Orthoptera (0.74%). The species Apis cerana was the most frequently recorded, with 108 individuals captured. The study highlights the importance of pollinators, particularly Diptera and Hymenoptera, in Litchi production. Effective management and conservation of these pollinating insects can help ensure successful pollination and fruit production. Additionally, integrating apiculture with Litchi farming can enhance pollination services and provide mutual benefits, increasing yields and economic returns for farmers. This study suggested the need for sustainable practices to protect insect diversity in agricultural ecosystems.
Assessment of Drinking Water Quality at Selected Public Places of Meerut City, Uttar Pradesh, India
Section: Research Keywords: contamination, groundwater quality, industrialization, sustainability Water is essential to all life on Earth, serving as a critical resource for both industrial and agricultural activities. However, the quality of groundwater, particularly in urban areas, is a growing concern due to its direct impact on human health. This study aims to evaluate the groundwater quality in selected public places within Meerut City, Uttar Pradesh, India, to assess its suitability for drinking purposes. A total of 48 groundwater samples were collected from four locations across the city. Various physicochemical parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and ion concentrations, were measured and compared against the national standards set by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The analysis revealed that while certain parameters such as pH, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate levels were within acceptable BIS limits, others, including TDS, total hardness, magnesium, and calcium, exceeded the permissible thresholds. The Water Quality Index (WQI) assessment further categorized the water quality at all studied locations as 'bad,' indicating significant contamination. The findings suggest that the groundwater in these areas is unsuitable for human consumption without prior treatment. The presence of elevated levels of dissolved solids and hardness, along with other contaminants, highlights the need for immediate intervention to mitigate potential health risks. This study underscores the urgent necessity for effective water management and treatment strategies in Meerut City to ensure safe and sustainable access to potable water.
Nurturing Earth's Foundation: A Comprehensive Review of Soil Conservation Strategies, Challenges and Solutions
Section: Review Keywords: agroforestry, challenges, contour, soil conservation Depending on the country, many challenges affect the availability and quality of food, as well as their nutritional status. This is due to intensive agriculture and the exploitation of external inputs, which are degrading the soil, water, and genetic resources, thereby affecting agricultural performance. Soil conservation is an effective and environmentally friendly technique for promoting modern agriculture that helps in the production of food without hurting the environment. Some of the systematic measures used in soil conservation are contour cultivation, terrace cultivation, cover crops, crop rotation, agroforestry, and the like. However, the application of these strategies is not exempt from difficulties, although they are one of the most promising sustainable solutions. These challenges include technological difficulties, the adoption of conservation tillage practices, and long-term research priorities. This is an attempt to provide a brief overview of various strategies in the field of soil conservation, the multifaceted challenges that arise in these processes, and the methods employed to address these difficulties. In conclusion, we feel that the Ministry needs to organize training programs on adequate measures for soil conservation, as policy assistance concerning capacity building is crucial. Given the challenges identified, it may be effective to introduce the elements of soil conservation into the ministries, departments, or institutions concerned and encourage local stakeholders to participate in the process of solution acceptance and implementation.
Efficacy of Biopesticides for controlling major pests of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in Surkhet District, Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana, fruit fly, pumpkin beetle This study evaluated the efficacy of biopesticides against major insect pests of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in Lekbeshi, Surkhet, Nepal. A randomized complete block design experiment was conducted with four treatments: Beauveria bassiana (1 ml/L), Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (2 ml/L), Jholmol (1:5 concentration), and an untreated control. After the third spray, B. bassiana reduced red pumpkin beetle populations from 1.4 to 0.4 insects per plant, while Bt reduced fruit fly populations from 2.8 to 1.6 insects per plant, compared to the control (4.2 to 2.2). At 60 days after transplanting, Bt-treated plants were significantly taller (137.45 cm) than control plants (111.28 cm). Fruit damage was lowest in Bt-treated plots (1.8% and 0.69 kg damage weight) compared to the control (3.8% and 0.69 kg). While yield attributes showed no significant differences, total yield was highest in B. bassiana-treated plots (35.58 t/ha) compared to the control (17.8 t/ha). Economic analysis revealed that B. bassiana treatment had the highest benefit-cost ratio (4.19), followed by Bt (2.9), control (2.8), and Jholmol (2.3). These findings suggest that biopesticides, particularly B. bassiana and Bt, can effectively manage major cucumber pests while improving yield and economic returns, offering a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides in subtropical regions.
Effect of Golden Dock (Rumex maritimus) Residues on Weed Growth Performance of Boro Rice (cv. BRRI dhan58 and BRRI dhan74)
Section: Research Keywords: Boro rice, growth performance, residues, Rumex maritimus Allelopathy plays an important role in weed control and crop productivity. We evaluated the effect of the residues of Rumex maritimus on the growth performance of boro rice comprising two cultivars i.e., BRRI dhan58 and BRRI dhan74 and four rates of R. maritimus residues treatment such as 0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 t/ha and a farmers practice. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. We identified four weed species (Panikachu, Shama, Shusni, Chesra) belonging to four families. Dry weight of Shama, Shusni, Chesra except Panikachu were significantly affected by variety. The highest Shama dry weight (6.61 g/0.0625 m2) was found in BRRI dhan74 and the lowest weed population (5.81 g/0.0625 m2) was obtained in BRRI dhan58 at 1% level of probability and also the highest Chesra dry weight (5.58 g/0.0625 m2) was found in BRRI dhan74 and the lowest weed population (4.89g/0.0625 m2) was obtained in BRRI dhan58 at 1% level of probability. The highest Shusni dry weight (5.11 g/0.0625 m2) was found in BRRI dhan58 and the lowest weed population (5.00 g/0.0625 m2) was obtained in BRRI dhan74 at a 1% level of probability. Weed density and dry weight were also significantly affected by variety and residue treatment. Results of this study indicate that R. maritimus residues showed the potential to inhibit weed growth of boro rice. Therefore, R. maritimus residues might be used as an alternative way for weed management in effective and sustainable crop production.
Numerical Verification of Groundwater Suitability for Irrigation Around the Subsurface Dam Area of Miyako Island, Japan
Section: Research Keywords: groundwater quality, irrigation suitability, Miyako island, numerical modeling, subsurface dam The sustainable management of water resources is essential for agricultural productivity, especially in areas with scarce water availability. This study focused on assessing groundwater quality for irrigation near the subsurface dam area of Miyako Island, Japan. Water samples from three observation points were tested for various parameters, including electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC), permeability index (PI), Kelley's ratio (KR), and magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR). EC values ranged from 270 to 800 µS/cm, suggesting water quality ranging from doubtful to good. SAR values between 0.23 and 1.49 suggested excellent quality. SSP ranged from 7.90% to 31.71%, mostly indicating good to excellent quality. RSBC values fluctuated between -1.57 to 1.45 epm, largely within safe limits. PI values varied from 40.34 to 75.83, indicating good permeability. Total hardness (TH) ranged from 105.50 to 326.45 ppm, classifying the water as hard to very hard. MAR values were below 50, suggesting potential soil issues. A numerical model confirmed observed Ca²⁺ concentrations, showing an increasing trend due to enhanced CO₂ emissions and lower pH. The data analysis revealed strong positive relationships between SSP and KR (r = 0.984), SAR and SSP (r = 0.951), and SAR and KR (r = 0.960). Despite generally acceptable values, continuous monitoring is recommended, especially for hardness, to ensure sustainable crop production. This study underscores the need for regular assessment and management of groundwater quality in subsurface dam areas to mitigate potential adverse effects on soil and agricultural productivity.
Copyright (c) 2024 A. K. M. Adham, Md. Touhidul Islam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Access and Use of Information for Enhanced Adoption of Climate Smart Agricultural Practices among Smallholder Farmers in Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya
Section: Research Keywords: agronomic information, climate-smart agriculture, decision making, decision support The value of information in agricultural production cannot be overemphasized given the challenges caused by the impact of climate change. This study evaluated the importance of accessing and using information for enhanced adoption of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices in sorghum production among smallholder farmers in Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya. The study used a quantitative research method with a correlation design, collecting data from 382 farmers through a questionnaire. A pilot study was conducted with a 10% sample size to assess reliability and validity achieving a CVI value of 0.877445696 and Cronbach’s alpha (α) value of 0.809. Descriptive statistics were used to determine information access and use, while correlation analysis examined associations between age and education and information access and use. The findings showed that farmers obtained information primarily from television, radio, extension workers, and neighbors and friends. The accessibility and use of this information were influenced by age and level of education. The findings are significant since they can help agricultural stakeholders identify and use appropriate channel and context-specific information to disseminate information that would enhance the adoption of CSA practices for improved sorghum yield. This may increase farmers' resilience to climate variability and improve their farming knowledge and skills, potentially leading to better livelihoods for the farming communities in the region. By advocating the provision of easily accessible and relevant information in the appropriate format and media, the findings may aid in policy formulation by providing policymakers with insights when formulating agricultural policies and legislation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Stephen Ajwang, Patrick Owoche, Jonathan Mutonyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring Genetic Diversity and Variability of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.): A Comprehensive Study in the Bilaspur Region of Chhattisgarh, India
Section: Research Keywords: genetic diversity, variability, Tamarindus indica The genetic diversity and variability of Tamarindus indica L., a valuable multipurpose tree species, was investigated through a comprehensive study conducted in the Bilaspur region. This research aimed to assess the morphological variations and growth responses of T. indica under contrasting environments, specifically agroforestry and natural forest systems. The study employed a rigorous scientific approach, encompassing field surveys, statistical analyses, and morphological assessments. The results indicated pronounced morphological differences between T. indica trees in the agroforestry and natural forest systems. T. indica trees in the natural forest exhibited significantly greater average height and diameter at the breast height (DBH) compared to those in agroforestry settings, highlighting the influence of the environment on growth parameters. Here, the crown diameter displayed homogeneity across both environments, suggesting a potential level of adaptability in this trait. The findings show the importance of considering environmental conditions when assessing the growth and development of T. indica, providing valuable insights for both scientific research and practical applications in agroforestry and conservation efforts.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ankit Ojha, Shiv Shankar Dhuria, Arun Kumar Shukla, Alok Kumar Chandrakar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Different Doses of Nitrogen on Growth and Grain Yield of Hybrid Maize (Zea mays L., Gold 97)
Section: Research Keywords: phenology, replications, silking, tasseling This study investigates the impact of various nitrogen doses on the growth and grain yield of hybrid maize (Zea mays L., Gold 97). Nitrogen plays an important role in crop phenology, morphology, and grain yield of maize plants. A field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with six levels of nitrogen (150, 160, 170, 180, 190, and 200 kg/ha) in four replications to evaluate the effect of different doses of nitrogen on the growth and yield of maize. Germination percentage, Days to 75% tasselling and silking, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area (LAI), cobs length, grain per row, pod, and total grain yield were recorded. Maximum germination was found in 180 kg N /ha. Plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area (LAI) were found to be maximum in the plots treated with 180-200 kg/ha of N. This field experiment revealed that different nitrogen dose has significant effects on days to 75% Tasselling and silking and found to be maximum in 180 kg/ha N treated plot. Also, nitrogen has a significant effect on cobs length, and grain per row was found highest at 180 kg N/ha. The highest Grain yield was found 180 kg/ha N treated plot. Findings have demonstrated that increasing nitrogen levels can often lead to increased grain yield up to a certain point, after which the yield plateaus or even declines. These findings provide valuable guidance for optimizing agricultural practices to meet the increasing global demand for cereal crops.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sanjay Tamang, Asmita Tamang, Sailendra Rana Magar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Abundance, Morphological Features, and Economic Values of Selected Tree Species in Company Graden of Saharanpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India
Section: Research Keywords: agro-forestry, company garden, timber, tree abundance This study aimed to assess the abundance, morphological features, and economic values of selected tree species (Mango, Eucalyptus, and Bottle brush) within Company Garden of Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Through systematic survey and analysis, the results showed that Eucalyptus emerged as the most abundant species, constituting 40% of the tree population. Mango trees, comprising approximately 35% of the population, were out for their economic importance and cultural significance. While their cultivation offers economic benefits, their influence on biodiversity and soil health warrants careful evaluation, particularly in the context of human cultivation practices. Bottle brush trees, though least abundant at 15%, contribute uniquely to the ecosystem by providing ornamental value and potential wildlife habitat. Their ecological contributions emphasize the importance of preserving biodiversity within the ecosystem. On the other hand, analysis of morphological and economic features highlighted the distinct characteristics of each species. Eucalyptus, with its remarkable height and girth, proves valuable for timber production and ecological functions such as erosion control. Mango trees, prized for fruit production and shade provision, play a crucial role in agroforestry contexts. While Bottle brush trees may not be extensively utilized for timber, their ornamental value and ecological contributions are noteworthy. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the abundance, morphological characteristics, and ecological significance of tree species within the Company Garden.
Copyright (c) 2024 Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Review on Seed Storage Technology: Recent Trends and Advances in Sustainable Techniques for Global Food Security
Section: Review Keywords: seed storage, resilience, cryopreservation , shelf life Seed storage innovation assumes an essential part in guaranteeing worldwide food security by safeguarding genetic variety and preserving seed feasibility over time. This review article gives a complete outline of ongoing patterns and advances in supportable seed stockpiling strategies. Starting with an investigation of the significance of seed storage about food security challenges, the audit digs into conventional seed storing strategies and their obstacles. Additionally review also provides a comprehensive analysis of maintainable methodologies like controlled air capacity, cryopreservation, and seed preparing, featuring their adequacy in dragging out seed suitability while diminishing energy utilization and natural effect. Moreover, the review discusses the incorporation of digital technologies, for example, artificial intelligence and blockchain, in seed storage management to enhance the traceability and convenience of seed collections. Additionally, the role of community-based seed banks and participatory plant breeding in promoting seed resilience against climate change is explored. By discussing current research findings and practical applications, this review aims to inform policymakers, researchers, and practitioners about the diverse range of sustainable seed storage solutions available to safeguard global agricultural biodiversity and ensure food security in the face of evolving ecological challenges.
Morphological Characterization of Kage and Baruwal Sheep (Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758) Breeds in Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: Baruwal and Kage, characterization, morphology, phenotypic Sheep farming in Nepal is closely linked to its agricultural heritage and contributes to livelihoods and the socio-economic fabric. This study synthesizes the morphological characterization of Kage and Baruwal (Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758) sheep, highlighting their genetic and functional attributes, including body size, conformation, coat color, horn morphology, and reproductive parameters. This study synthesizes the morphological characterization of Kage and Baruwal (O. aries) sheep, highlighting their genetic and functional attributes, including body size, conformation, coat color, horn morphology, and reproductive parameters. The analysis revealed a significant difference (P ≤ 0.01**) in quantitative traits between the two breeds. The Baruwal sheep exhibited higher mean values for tail length (12.96 ± 0.47 cm), ear length (10.67±0.20 cm), neck length (21.75±0.38 cm), chest girth (67.14±0.50), height at hip bone (64.78±0.44 cm), body weight (33.04±0.65 Kg), and height below withers (67.10±0.56). Additionally, correlation analysis of different quantitative traits was found to be significant at the 0.01 level on a two-tailed test. The study's results indicate significant quantitative variations, which suggest genetic adaptations and selective pressures. The analysis of qualitative traits highlights differences in horn presence, shape, fleece, head color, neckline, and tail shape, providing insights into genetic diversity and functional adaptations. The study concludes that comprehending such phenotypic traits helps with breed management, conservation, and sustainable agriculture. The preservation of genetic diversity and adaptability is underscored by indigenous sheep breeds, which requires further research to elucidate the genetic mechanisms underlying these traits.
A Comprehensive Study on the Effects of Organic Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Broad Leaf Mustard (Brassica juncea var. rugosa) cv. Manakamana Rayo
Section: Research Keywords: black wonder, broad lead mustard, organic fertilizer, vermicompost Broad Leaf Mustard (BLM) is one of the extensively cultivated vegetable crops in Nepal. In our study, we conducted a thorough analysis to explore how organic fertilizers impact the growth and yield of Broad Leaf Mustard (Brassica juncea var. rugosa) cv. Manakamana Rayo in Tarakeshwor Municipality, Nepal. To carry out this investigation, we employed a Randomized Complete Block Design, incorporating seven distinct treatments, labeled as T1 (FYM), T2 (Poultry Manure), T3 (Compost), T4 (Vermicompost), T5 (Black Wonder), T6 (Black Wonder Double), and T7 (Control), each replicated three times. Each treatment plot, measuring 1.2 m2, accommodated 60 plants. The application of organic fertilizers was done during the initial phase of field preparation. Our results highlighted the effectiveness of Vermicompost applied at a rate of 20 tons per hectare. This treatment produced the tallest plants (34.83 cm), longest leaves (32.37 cm), widest leaves (17.73 cm), and increased yields, specifically 61.1g/plant and 2.10 kg per plot. Furthermore, Farm-Yard Manure (FYM) at 28.4 tons per hectare and Black Wonder at 0.96 tons per hectare resulted in the maximum number of leaves (11.67). These findings offer practical insights for farmers and researchers keen on optimizing Broad Leaf Mustard cultivation through the judicious use of organic fertilizers.
Scented Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench): A Novel Avenue to Boost the Millet’s Popularity
Section: Review Keywords: fragrant sorghum, aroma, Basmati, food security The current unpredictability of the climate is, directly and indirectly, affecting global food and nutritional security. In this instance, nutritional enrichment major attribute that is eventually necessary to help conventional crops become more resilient to future calamities. Sorghum is a crop widely acknowledged to be sustainable for the future due to its ability to withstand environmental variations and its crucial role in guaranteeing food and nutritional security. However, the primary obstacle to its broad appeal is the difficulty of garnering public approval. Perhaps the possible solution might lie in the scented sorghum which has enhanced flavors and distinct sensory qualities. The global population has responded most affectionately to fragrant cereals, and apparently, the same opportunity can be utilized by scented sorghum cultivars. It unveils an expanded potential for offering enhanced nutrients per portion compared to conventional alternatives, and it is quite probable that customers would choose them as a fragrant substitute based on previously observed choices. This paper briefly discusses the historical background and current advancements in scented sorghum research. Additionally, it examines the genetic makeup and molecular approaches applied to the diverse fragrant crops, potentially paving the way for sorghum to become a future defender of food and nutritional security. It further emphasizes that combining a nutrient-rich cereal like sorghum with enhanced fragrance and flavors has the potential to enhance its appeal and make it more accessible on the consumer's plate.
Retracted: Effects of Variable Electrical Conductivity Levels in Hydroponic Nutrient Solutions on Morphological and Physiochemical Characteristics of Cucumber Plants in Advanced Greenhouse Cultivation
Section: Research This article has been retracted due to following reasons: Misconduct: Academic misconduct due to serious conflicts and data privacy concerns related to the project. Conflict of interest: A key professor associated with the project has denied the use of data from his project in this publication. The editor-in-chief has no confidence in this article so it was retracted. The authors agree with the retraction.
Effect of Different Concentrations of Potassium Metabisulphite and Bavistin on Postharvest Life of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn var. Muzaffarpur)
Section: Research Keywords: fruit storage, Litchi, postharvest , potassium metabisulphite Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn var. Muzaffarpur) is cultivated in 57 districts of Nepal. However, proper post-harvest loss reduction activities are lacking, resulting in significant losses every year. In June 2023, an experiment on Litchi post-harvest was conducted at HRS, Malepatan. The Litchi fruits were uniformly mature and treated with varying concentrations of potassium metabisulfite (50, 75, 100, and 125 ppm) and Bavistin at 100 ppm. They were then stored at ambient conditions (29±4°C and RH 75±5%) for 10 days. The following parameters were recorded: physiological loss in weight (PLW), decay loss, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), ascorbic acid content (Vit-C), and fruit weight to juice ratio. The fruit that was treated with 50 ppm of potassium metabisulphite recorded the lowest PLW at 20.12%. The fruit treated with 125 ppm of potassium metabisulphite had a minimum decay loss of 23.08%. The control treatment had the highest TSS at 23.65% with a minimum TA of 0.50%. The fruit treated with 100 and 125 ppm of potassium metabisulphite had the maximum ascorbic acid content at 87 mg and 85 mg, respectively, and the highest fruit weight-to-juice ratio at -2.80 and 2.73, respectively. Therefore, this study concludes that applying potassium metabisulfite at a concentration of 100-125 ppm is suitable for postharvest treatment of Litchi fruit to prolong its shelf life and maintain its quality parameters.
Copyright (c) 2023 Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluating the Impact of Various Seed Priming Agents (SPAs) on Germination and Development Parameters of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)
Section: Research Keywords: germination percentage, priming agents, seed health, Vigor index The present study has been conducted to study the effect of various primer treatments i.e., PEG (5%), PEG (10%), NaCl (2%), KCl (2%), CuSO4•5H2O (2%), NaOH (2%) and control on germination and growth of two okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) varieties (var. Arka Anamika and Clemson). Growth parameters were measured at 10, 20, and 30 DAS, while germination parameters were recorded over a period of seven days. Compared to Arka Anamika, Clemson showed better germination and growth metrics, which also showed significant differences in seed priming treatments. The use of different concentrations of PEG solution for seed priming proved to be particularly effective as evidenced by the highest germination percentage (79%), speed (95.95%), energy (76%), and Vigor index (2037.94 cm). Growth parameters also showed significant differences with these treatments. Similarly, seed priming with 2% NaOH and 2% CuSO4•5H2O had the lowest results for growth and germination metrics. The results highlight how priming can significantly improve the germination and growth of okra seedlings; the Clemson and PEG solution treatments stand out as particularly successful techniques. This highlights the potential for improved okra production through the use of these priming methods.
Impact of Domestic and Industrial Effluent Disposal on Physicochemical Characteristics of River Malin at Najibabad City, India
Section: Research Keywords: health hazard, Malin River, non-perennial rivers, tributaries The current study aimed to assess the health of the Malin River situated in Najibabad city, India by analyzing several physicochemical parameters. The main objective was to evaluate the impact of industrial and domestic wastewater on the river's health. The study was conducted over six months, from January to June 2023, at four different locations along the river. To calculate the water quality index (WQI), the data was further processed, and Pearson correlation was utilized. Except for site 1, most of the analyzed physicochemical parameters exceeded the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) limit, as indicated by the results. The utilization of river Malin water for irrigation, laundry, and vegetable cleaning may pose a health hazard to the public due to high contamination levels at the points where industrial (site 2) and domestic (site 3) effluents continuously mix with the river water. The water quality at all locations is deemed unsuitable for consumption due to a WQI score greater than 100. There are strong positive correlations between total dissolved solids (TDS) and other studied parameters, except for dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and turbidity. This suggests the presence of inorganic pollutants concerning organic pollutants. Wastewater treatment facilities are necessary along river coasts to conserve river flora and fauna, as well as water quality, to safeguard human and river health.
Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) for Sustainable Agriculture: Current Prospective and Future Challenges
Section: Review Keywords: biopesticides , signaling, sustainable agriculture , biofertilizers Sustainable agriculture is a global imperative to meet the challenges of food security and environmental protection. Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) have emerged as key players in sustainable agricultural practices due to their diverse roles in enhancing plant growth, nutrient uptake, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. This review explores the diverse facts about PGPB and their potential applications in sustainable agriculture. The review begins by elucidating the mechanisms underlying PGPB-plant interactions, including phytohormone production, nutrient solubilization, and biocontrol activities. This review delves into the intricate signalling networks involved in PGPB-induced systemic resistance. In addition, this review discusses the pivotal role of PGPBs in mitigating abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity, highlighting their contributions to climate-resilient agriculture. The ecological implications of PGPB application in sustainable agriculture are discussed, emphasizing the need for responsible and environmentally friendly practices. Furthermore, the use of PGPB for sustainable agriculture holds great promise for addressing the challenges of food security and environmental sustainability. In addition, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the multiple roles, mechanisms of action, and potential applications of PGPB, while emphasizing the importance of responsible and environmentally sound approaches in realizing the full potential of PGPB for a resilient and sustainable agricultural future.
Effect of Selected Plant Extracts and Curing on Post-Harvest Quality of Onion (Allium cepa L.)
Section: Research Keywords: curing, plant extract , storage quality, vegetable life Onion (Allium cepa L.) suffers a rapid deterioration in quality during storage due to physiological changes and pathological damage. This experiment evaluated the effects of different plant extracts and curing days on the postharvest quality of onion. The experiment was laid out in a two-factor complete randomized design with three replications. One factor was the curing, 0, 5, and 10 days; and another factor was botanical extracts, coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) (2%) oil, neem oil (Azadirachta indica L.) (2%), and aloe vera gel (Aloe vera L.) (2%). At 80 days of storage, the use of neem extract showed the minimum loss in physiological weight (10.57%), the minimum sprouting (38.88%), the minimum rotting (35.55%), minimum sprout length (12.89 cm), maximum total soluble solids content (8.43%), minimum titratable acidity (0.50 g/L), and minimum visual color rating (1) due to minimum loss in original color followed by coconut oil and aloe vera gel. Additionally, curing for a duration of 5 days yielded improved outcomes. Consequently, onions that underwent a 5-day curing process and were treated with neem extract exhibited superior quality and an extended shelf life. This approach can be advocated as the optimal method to uphold quality standards and enhance the longevity of onions.
Effects of Seedling and Plant Spacing on the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) for Spring Rice (Oryza sativa L. Chaite 2)
Section: Research Keywords: monocropping, rice intensification, seedling growth, spacing System of Rice Intensification (SRI technology) increases rice yields while requiring less water and other inputs. It involves the use of specific management strategies that, when used together, provide rice plants with better-growing conditions than those grown using traditional methods, especially in the root zone. An SRI experiment was conducted from February 27, 2022, to July 11, 2022, in rice farmers' fields in Buddhabhumi Municipality, Nepal, using different spacing and seedlings. Spring rice was grown using the SRI with a variety of seeding and plant spacing. The experiment consisted of three plant spacings: 20 × 20, 30 × 30, and 40 × 40 cm, and two seeding groups: regular seeding and pregerminated seedlings. Characteristics were counted, including the number of tillers per mound, leaves, plant height, tillers per square meter, grain yield, and 1000 kernel weight. The result shows that the 20 cm × 20 cm spacing increased tillers per square meter. The spacing also resulted in much higher grain production of 4.29337 Mt/ha. The 30 × 30 cm plot had the tallest plants at 78.10 cm, much higher than the other plots. Similar crops produced significantly more tillers per mound (22.5) when planted at 40 × 40 cm spacing. Since the crops were planted at 40 × 40 cm, the spacing produced significantly more tillers per mound (22.57) and leaves per mound (73.54). Spacing did not affect test weight, nor did the type of seedlings used.
Eco-Friendly Management of Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) in Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus) Using Different Soil Amendments
Section: Research Keywords: Cartap hydrochloride, ethylene response pathway, persistent nematicides, root gall index Field experiment was conducted from March to July 2022 to identify the eco-friendly management of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) by using different soil amendments. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block design with three replications and seven treatments viz., mustard oil cake at 1.41 kg/2m2 plot, poultry manure at 5.6 kg/2m2 plot, goat manure at 3.25 kg/2m2 plot, vermicompost at 4.30 kg/2m2 plot, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) at 125:110:110 g/2m2, Cartap hydrochloride 4% granule (GR) at 10 g/2m2 plot and control. Disease parameters such as root gall index and number of galls per plant, fresh shoot weight, and fresh root weight were recorded at 72, 105, and 120 days after sowing. Fruit yield was recorded after the final pod harvest. Cartap hydrochloride 4G, poultry manure, and mustard oil cake significantly reduced the root gall index as compared to the control. However, goat manure, vermicompost nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) did not give satisfactory results in reducing root gall index. The maximum yield of okra was recorded in the NPK treated plots although the root gall index was not much reduced. The research results indicated that the most effective treatment for reducing root-knot nematode disease and improving vegetative growth and yield of okra was poultry manure. Therefore, poultry manure along with mustard oil cake could be used as an alternative to highly hazardous and persistent chemical nematicides for the management of root-knot nematodes in okra.
Assessment of Productivity, Profit, and Problems Associated with Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Production in West Nawalparasi, Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: benefit-cost ratio, challenges, diseases, profitability, wheat Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a staple crop in Nepal, has a rich history of cultivation. Despite increasing demand due to population growth and agricultural development efforts, wheat production faces persistent challenges that hinder its expansion and profitability. This research, conducted from February to July 2022 in West Nawalpur district, Nepal, aims to assess the productivity, profitability, and economics, including benefit-cost analysis, of wheat in West Nawalparasi. A total of 100 wheat farmers were selected and the data obtained were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study reveals a positive gross margin (NRs 1113.09) and a benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 1.6 per 0.3 hectare, indicating the profitability of wheat cultivation. Notably, most farmers procure agricultural inputs such as seeds and fertilizers from local agro-dealers within Nepal, highlighting a preference for domestic sources over imports from India. For irrigation, more than half of the population relies on pumps that draw from open water sources (59%) and use mechanization equipment such as tractors and combine harvesters for field activities. However, the study reveals the complexity of the challenges faced by wheat farmers. Chief among these are the unavailability of adequate irrigation facilities, untimely and inadequate access to agricultural inputs, disease and pest incidence, lack of training and extension services, and lack of mechanization and skilled labor. These constraints, as highlighted by the farmers, affect both productivity and profitability, highlighting the urgent need for initiatives to reduce production costs and improve wheat production in West Nawalparasi.
Understanding the Transcription Factor Mediated Regulatory Mechanism Towards Abiotic Stress Response in Cereal Crops
Section: Review Keywords: abiotic stress tolerance, cereal crops, gene regulation, transcription factors Cereal crops are critical to global food security and are valued for their adaptability and nutritional value. However, they are increasingly threatened by abiotic stresses such as water scarcity, high soil salinity, severe climatic conditions, and nutrient deficiencies. This review focuses on the central role of transcription factors (TFs) in the response of cereal crops to these environmental challenges. TFs, such as the DREB family, the bZIP family, and the WRKY family, emerge as central players in this intricate regulatory network. They initiate or inhibit the activation of stress-responsive genes by binding to specific cis-regulatory elements located in gene promoters and enhance the resilience of cereal crops to various abiotic stresses. For example, DREB1/CBF TFs alleviate cold stress, NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2 (NAC) factors combat salinity stress, and WRKY TFs modulate responses to drought, salinity, and cold stress by initiating vital physiological processes, including osmotic regulation, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis, ultimately promoting stress tolerance. Genetic engineering strategies that overexpress these stress-responsive genes and TFs hold great promise for enhancing crop resilience and productivity in the face of climate change. In addition, this review also emphasizes the potential of epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, to fine-tune the control of genes that respond to abiotic stresses. These findings benefit agriculture by addressing global food security challenges.
Effect of Rhizobium leguminosarum Inoculation and Mulching on Growth and Yield of Chinese Long Bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis)
Section: Research Keywords: Chinese long bean, nitrogen fertilizer , Rhizobium leguminosarum , transparent plastic mulch An experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of Rhizobium leguminosarum inoculation and mulching on the growth and yield of Chinese long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) in Palungtar, Nepal. A split-plot design was used for the experiment, which was replicated four times. Plastic, straw, and no-mulch conditions constituted the main plot factor, while seeds with or without Rhizobium inoculation constituted the sub-plot elements. Growth parameters and yield-related traits of Chinese long beans were recorded at 15-day intervals. Transparent plastic mulching resulted in earlier flowering (46 days), while seed inoculation with Rhizobium resulted in a higher mean number of nodules (106.92) than non-inoculated treatments, with transparent plastic mulching resulting in the highest mean number of nodules (108.21). At 60 days after showing (DAS), plant height was greater in the inoculated treatment (69.23 cm), while at 30 DAS, the non-inoculated treatment had a higher number of leaves (22.28 cm). Similarly, pod length (49.98 cm), pod yield per plant (348.01 g), and total yield per hectare (16.07 t/ha) were all significantly higher with both plastic mulch and seed inoculation with Rhizobium than with the other treatments alone. A positive correlation was observed between plant height (0.81), number of branches (0.44), number of leaves (0.81), number of nodules per plant (0.6), and pod yield. This supports the potential benefits of using seed inoculation with Rhizobium in combination with mulching to improve Chinese long bean growth and increase yield as demonstrated by the results of this study.
A Review on Impact of Different Nitrogen Management Techniques on Maize (Zea mays L.) Crop Performance
Section: Review Keywords: environmental impact, four Rs’ approach, maize, nitrogen Nitrogen (N), as a primary nutrient requirement of maize (Zea mays L.), plays a critical role in its development and productivity. Proper nitrogen management practices involve a delicate balance between providing an adequate amount of this nutrient and mitigating potential environmental impacts. When implemented effectively, these practices can significantly improve corn production. An adequate nitrogen supply promotes vigorous vegetative growth, contributing to strong stalks and an abundance of leaves, which are essential for maximizing the plant's photosynthetic capacity. This lush foliage, in turn, leads to increased photosynthesis and carbohydrate production, providing the energy maize needs throughout the reproductive stage to develop and fill its kernels. In addition, nitrogen is closely linked to kernel development. Well-timed and dosed nitrogen applications can result in larger, well-filled ears with plump kernels, ultimately increasing both the quantity and quality of the maize yield. Environmental considerations, such as reducing nitrogen runoff and greenhouse gas emissions, are important for maintaining ecosystems and mitigating climate change. Thus, this review article highlights the need for a holistic approach to nitrogen management, combining innovative techniques with sustainable agricultural practices, to ensure food security and environmental conservation in maize production systems.
Influence of Gibberellic Acid and Mulch Materials on Yield and Biochemical Attributes of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cv. Festival
Section: Research Keywords: gibberellic acid, mulch material, quality attributes , strawberry One of the most important factors in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cv. Festival production for achieving higher yields is the availability of strawberries with better quality. The experiment was carried out during the period from November 2020 to March 2021 to find out the responses of gibberellic acid (GA3) and mulch materials on biochemical and quality attributes related to strawberry yield characteristics. The experiment consisted of two treatments including different mulch materials: black polythene, white polythene, sawdust, and control (no mulch); and GA3 (0 and 200 mg/L) were studied. Various quality parameters, namely total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total sugar, phenolic, and anthocyanin content of the strawberries were determined. The results observed in the GA3-treated plants showed more significant results than the plants not treated with GA3. Among the mulch materials, sawdust performed better than the other mulch materials in terms of yield, biochemical, and quality attributes. The highest fruit set percentage (89) and fruit yield (18.70 t/ha) were obtained from the GA3 and sawdust mulch treatments. GA3 and sawdust mulch performed best in terms of quality parameters including TSS, pH, ascorbic acid, total sugar, phenolic, and anthocyanin content. Accordingly, sawdust and GA3 are more responsive to strawberry plant quality parameters. These findings provide practical insights for sustainable strawberry cultivation practices, contributing to increased fruit availability and improved nutritional value for consumers.
Effect of Different Doses of Calcium and Boron Pre-harvest Spray on Post-harvest Quality of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia var. SunKagati-1)
Section: Research Keywords: acid lime, fruit characteristics, micronutrient, quality, shelf-life Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia var. SunKagati-1) has been cultivated in 67 districts of Nepal. Its cultivation is becoming increasingly popular among farmers in Nepal. However, adequate post-harvest loss reduction measures are lacking. A field experiment was conducted in lime orchards in Chitwan during August-September 2019 and 2020. Pre-harvest spraying of different concentrations of calcium (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3%) and boron (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6%) in lime fruit trees was done before 45 and 30 days of fruit harvest. Fruits with the same maturity indices were harvested separately from the treated plants. The post-harvest study was conducted for 1 month under laboratory conditions. Different parameters like physiological loss of weight (PLW), decay loss, total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity (TA), ascorbic acid content (vitamin C), and freshness were recorded. Minimum PLW (18.2%) and decay loss (14.3%) were observed in boron (@0.6%) treated fruits. At the end of the experiment, minimum TA (1.79 and 2.12%) was recorded from boron (@0.6%) treated fruits in both years. Calcium (@0.3 %) and boron (@0.4 %) treated fruits expressed the maximum values for TSS in 2019 (9.67ºbrix) and 2020 (7.73 ºbrix), respectively. Fruit harvested from fruit trees sprayed with boron (@0.6%) showed the highest ascorbic acid content (55.47 and 49.61 mg/100g) and better lime freshness (2.67 and 3.0) in 2019 and 2020, respectively. This study concluded that the use of boron @0.6% as a pre-harvest spray can prolong the storage life of sour lime and maintain the fruit quality under environmental conditions of a mid-hill situation.
Effect of Different Doses of Sulfur on Growth and Yield of Rapeseed (Brassica campestris var. Lumle Tori)
Section: Research Keywords: crop growth, nutrient, oilseed crop, rapeseed, sulfur application Sulfur plays an important role in the growth and yield of rapeseed plants. A field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with seven levels of sulfur (60 kg/ha, 50 kg/ha, 40 kg/ha, 30 kg/ha, 20 kg/ha, 10 kg/ha, and 0 kg/ha in three replicates) to evaluate the effect of different doses of sulfur on the growth and yield of rapeseed (Brassica campestris var. Lumle Tori) in Khairahani, Chitwan. Plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, grain per pod, pod weight, fresh weight, dry weight, stover weight, harvest index, and grain yield were recorded. Significant differences were observed in plant height, yield-related traits, and grain yield. The results showed significant differences between the growth and yield-related traits of the different treatments. Plant height and number of branches increased with increasing sulfur dose, reaching a maximum of 60 kg/ha. The maximum number of pods per plant was observed at 20 kg/ha, and the maximum pod length and grain per pod were observed at 60 kg/ha. Grain yield and harvest index were maximum at 20 kg/ha. The results showed that the maximum grain yield could be obtained by applying 20 kg/ha of sulfur. These findings provide valuable guidance for optimizing agricultural practices to meet the increasing global demand for oilseeds.
Recent Advances in Phytoremediation of Hazardous Substances using Plants: A Tool for Soil Reclamation and Sustainability
Section: Review Keywords: eco-restoration , environmental pollution , plant ecology , waste management Phytoremediation techniques have emerged as a promising approach for soil reclamation and remediation of contaminated sites. This review article provides a comprehensive analysis of the different phytoremediation techniques used for soil reclamation and their effectiveness in removing contaminants from soil. The aim is to evaluate the current state of knowledge and to highlight potential avenues for future research in this field. The review begins with a discussion of the principles underlying phytoremediation, emphasizing the ability of plants to accumulate, tolerate, and detoxify contaminants through various mechanisms such as phytoaccumulation, rhizo-degradation, and rhizo-filtration. Different plant species and their suitability for phytoremediation are reviewed, considering factors such as metal tolerance, biomass production, and pollutant uptake efficiency. In addition, the role of soil amendments and their impact on improving phytoremediation efficiency is critically evaluated. Commonly used amendments, including chelating agents, organic matter, and pH adjusters, are reviewed with emphasis on their ability to increase metal bioavailability and plant uptake. The review also addresses challenges associated with phytoremediation, such as plant growth limitations, long-term sustainability, and potential risks associated with the release of pollutants into the atmosphere during biomass disposal. Strategies to mitigate these challenges, including plant breeding and genetic engineering, are discussed.
Effects of Postharvest Chemical Preservatives on Shelf Life of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Srijana)
Section: Research Keywords: chemical preservatives, infestation, postharvest, shelf life, tomato In recent years, the practice of increasing the shelf life of post-harvest crops is gaining attention worldwide due to the failure of proper techniques to increase post-harvest shelf life. Tomatoes are fragile and have a low shelf life. It fetches low market prices during on-season production and fetches high market prices during off-season production. To address this scenario, research was conducted to study the effect of different preservatives on various physiochemical attributes of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). The effects of preservatives were studied on shelf life, disease infestation days, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), pH, and weight loss percentage (WLP) at 2-day intervals during the storage period. The 7 treatments used were 2% CaCl2, 4%, CaCl2, 1% GA3, 3% GA3, 1000 ppm sodium benzoate, 2000 ppm sodium benzoate, and control in distilled water with 3 replications each. Each replication was immersed in a chemical preservative for 20 minutes and kept in a polyethylene bag. Among the treatments, fruits treated with 3% GA3 recorded the longest shelf life of 31.33 days, followed by 1% GA3 (27 days) and 4% CaCl2 (22 days) over the control (15.667 days). Disease incidence days were highest for 3% GA3 (32.33 days) followed by 1% GA3 (28.33 days) and 4% CaCl2 (23 days) over control (16.667 days). The percentage of physical weight loss on the day of data recording was minimum for 3% GA3 treated fruits and maximum for control. Similarly, TA, TSS, and pH of treated fruits show significant results over control.
In-vitro Analysis of Different Trichoderma spp. Against Fusarium Rhizome Rot of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)
Section: Research Keywords: antagonistic, inhibition, in-vitro evaluation, pathogen, Trichoderma This study evaluated the effectiveness of four isolates of Trichoderma spp. obtained from various plant protection divisions and commercial products for the biocontrol of Fusarium rhizome rot of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Experiments were designed in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and ten replications. The National Agriculture Research Council (NARC) isolates of Trichoderma spp. were multiplied through direct inoculation on PDA media. Meanwhile, the commercial products of T. harzianum (TRICHO-HR) and T. viride (Biocide Trivi) were prepared as spore suspension. The dual culture technique was used to evaluate the interaction between Trichoderma spp. and Fusarium pathogen. The radial diameter of both Trichoderma and Fusarium was measured every 24 h for 7 days. The experiments in dual cultures demonstrated that various Trichoderma isolates and commercial products significantly inhibited Fusarium mycelial growth. Among the isolates tested, T1-NARC showed the highest efficacy at 57.91% growth inhibition, followed by T2-RPPL (52.50%) and T4-Biocide Trivi (40.98%). However, T3-TRICHO HR displayed lower performance with an inhibition rate of 24.75%. These findings offer valuable insights for the use of Trichoderma spp. as biocontrol agents in ginger cultivation, contributing to improved disease control and enhanced crop health. The observed differences in performance could be attributed to the genetic variations among the isolates.
Yield Performance Evaluation of Thirty Spring Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars Under Terminal Drought Conditions Using Various Drought-Tolerant Indices
Section: Research Keywords: abiotic stress , drought tolerant , rainfed areas , tolerance index An experiment was conducted from February 19, 2022, to July 4, 2022, in the farmer's field of Itahari Sub-metropolitan city in Nepal under well water and drought conditions to screen thirty drought-tolerant spring rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes using various drought tolerant indices for its cultivation under rainfed and drought areas. Analysis of variance revealed that grain yield under both conditions were significantly different and yield under well-watered condition was higher than yield under drought condition. The greater value of tolerance index (TOL) was reported in Chaite-2 and IR-80991-B330-0-2 and the minimum value of TOL was reported in IRE16L1661 and IR16L1004. The lowest value of stress susceptibility index (SSI) was reported in IRE16L1661, the maximum value of yield susceptibility index (YSI) was reported in IRE16L1661, and the maximum values of mean productivity index (MP), geometrical mean productivity (GMP), and stress tolerance index (STI) were reported in IRE 1621661. Correlation analysis revealed that the high-yielding genotype under well-watered conditions also yielded higher under-stress conditions. For grain yield, analysis of variance and principal component analysis revealed that IRE 1621661 is suitable for both conditions and genotype IRE16L1661 is stable under drought conditions based on drought tolerance indices. Thus, these two genotypes can be recommended under drought stress in the inner plains of Nepal with appropriate agronomic practices.
Assessment of Soil Fertility Status in Rupani Rural Municipality, Saptari, Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: ArcGIS, nutrients, Saptari, soil fertility, soil pollution As soil fertility is one of the most important factors for soil productivity, soil fertility management is important for sustainable soil management. This study was conducted to determine the soil fertility status of Rupani Rural Municipality, Saptari, Nepal. A total of 60 soil samples were collected randomly from 0-30 cm depth. The exact location of the samples was recorded using a handheld GPS device. All collected samples were analyzed at a regional soil testing laboratory in Saptari to determine their pH, soil texture, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter status. In addition, fertility status maps were prepared using ArcGIS 10.8 software. The study area consists mainly of 51.66% clay and 18.33% sandy loam soils. The soil pH ranged from highly acidic to slightly alkaline, with pH values ranging from 4.5 to 8.0. Soil organic matter (0.42-3.21%), nitrogen (0.02-0.16%), available phosphorus (40.1-282.35 kg P2O5/ha) and exchangeable potassium (64.8-729.6 kg K2O/ha) are present in the soil with the status of low to high in the study area. In order to improve crop potential and maintain soil nutrient status through the use of site-specific fertilizers, a reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers and various sustainable soil management practices were adopted. This research provides valuable information to policymakers, farmers, and agricultural stakeholders, facilitating evidence-based decision-making for agricultural development and food security in Rupani Rural Municipality, Saptari, Nepal.
Effect of Triazole and Strobilurin Fungicide Against Alternaria Leaf and Pod Blight (Alternaria raphani) in Radish (Raphanus sativus var. Mino Early)
Section: Research Keywords: Alternaria spp., disease severity, radish, Strobilurin, Triazole A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Triazole and Strobilurin fungicides on Alternaria leaf and pod blight (Alternaria raphani) of radish (Raphanus sativus var. Mino Early). The experiment lasted from November 2021 to March 2022 following a completely randomized block design (RCBD) with three replications. Seven treatments were evaluated, including T1 (Propiconazole 25% EC), T2 (Tebuconazole 25% WDG), T3 (Azoxystrobin 23% SC), T4 (Propiconazole 13.9% + Difenoconazole 13.9% EC), T5 (Azoxystrobin 11% + Tebuconazole 18.3% SC), T6 (Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WP), and T7 (control). Analysis of the data showed that T4 had the lowest disease severity in radish leaves with a mean value of 22.67±1.76. T1 followed closely with a mean disease severity of 27.11±1.16, while T3 had a mean severity of 29.67±1.73. Regarding pod infection, T4 also showed the most effective control with a mean infection level of 17.56±1.76. This was followed by T1 with a mean infection level of 19.78±1.16 and T3 with a mean infection level of 21.33±1.73. Overall, the results indicate that the application of T4 (Propiconazole 13.9% + Difenoconazole 13.9% EC) significantly reduced disease severity in both radish leaves and pods, demonstrating its efficacy in managing Alternaria leaf and pod blight. These results suggest that T4 may be a suitable fungicide treatment option for the control of Alternaria blight in radish crops. Further research and field trials are required to validate these results and to investigate the long-term effects of treatments on radish growth, yield, and quality.
Field Efficacy of Different Insecticides Against Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) in Spring Maize (Zea mays L.)
Section: Research Keywords: efficacy, fall armyworm, insect-pest infestation, spring maize An experiment was conducted from February to June 2022 to determine the effectiveness of different insecticides in controlling fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda: FA) under field conditions. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Insecticides were applied three times at 7-day intervals. The treatments included: T1 - untreated or control (water spray), T2 - Cypermethrin 5% + Chlorpyriphos 50% EC, T3 - Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, T4 - Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG, and T5 - Spinetoram 11.7% SC. Data were collected for the number of live larvae, damage to the top four leaves and whorls, and yield attributes. The results showed that the lowest FA infestation was observed in the plots treated with Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, while the highest infestation was observed in the control group. The highest yield (7.52 t/ha) was obtained from the Emamectin Benzoate treatment, while the lowest yield (5.74 t/ha) was recorded in the control group. Among the different control measures, spraying Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC at 7-day intervals was found to be the most effective method to control FA in spring maize variety TX-369, achieving 100% efficacy. These results provide valuable guidance to growers in selecting effective insecticides for FA control. This study addresses the challenge of FA management in maize crops while aligning with multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Isolation and Screening of Microorganisms from Waste Dumping Sites for Biosorption of Cadmium and Lead
Section: Research Keywords: biosorption, heavy metals, isolation, screening Heavy metal poisoning of the environment poses a serious threat to ecosystems and human health. Landfills have been found to harbor diverse microbial communities capable of bioremediating such contaminants via biosorption. Unlike traditional methods of heavy metal remediation, which often involve costly and resource-intensive techniques, biosorption offers a promising alternative that harnesses the natural capabilities of microorganisms. The objective of this research was to identify and screen microorganisms from landfills for their ability to bio-sorb cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). The present study deals with the isolation and screening of the microorganisms capable of removing heavy metals from the area near Dehradun Municipal Solid Waste Management Pvt. Ltd. Among the 17 bacterial isolates and 2 fungal isolates, only 7 bacteria and one fungal strain were able to absorb the heavy metal concentration. Among the 7 bacterial strains, the percentage of microbes with the ability to absorb Pb ranged from 35% to 70%, while the percentage of microbes with the ability to absorb Cd ranged from 20% to 50%. On the other hand, the fungal strain had an absorption capacity of about 80% for both Pb and Cd. This study emphasizes the potential of microorganisms isolated from landfills as attractive candidates for Cd and Pb biosorption. These isolates show significant tolerance and efficient biosorption capacities, making them good candidates for further exploration and prospective application in the bioremediation of heavy metal-contaminated environments.
Integrated Approach for Bioethanol and Paper Production using Populus deltoides Wood Biomass: An Experimental Study
Section: Research Keywords: Bioethanol production, Pichia stipites, Populus deltoides (Poplar), pulp and paper manufacturing Lignocellulosic materials contain two major sugar macromolecules, cellulose and hemicellulose, and polyphenolic lignin. During pulping, lignin and hemicellulose are broken down into smaller molecules such as organic acids, and removed in the black liquor, leaving cellulose fibers for papermaking. Lignocellulose consists of approximately 28–35% hemicelluloses, which are lost during the pulping process in black liquor and are an important source of sugars that can be used to produce bioethanol as a liquid fuel. The hemicellulosic sugars from the Populus deltoides (poplar) lignocellulosic biomass were partially extracted keeping in mind that it does not affect the properties of paper beyond acceptable limits, further converting these extracted sugars by fermentation to bioethanol, followed by pulping the residual biomass and papermaking and determining pulping and papermaking properties. With the increasing demand for lignocellulosic biomass by various industries, an integrated biorefinery approach for maximum utilization of its chemical components with minimum degradation is necessary in the future. The maximum bioethanol yield was found to be 3.58 g/L. On manufactured paper sheets, the mechanical properties tensile index and tear index of pre-extracted biomass were observed as 19.23 Nm/g and 3.5 mNm2/g and slightly lower against the control 21.34 Nm/g and 4.0 mNm2/g. The main objective of the present study is to recover reducing sugars before the pulping process for bioethanol production and to further utilize the remaining residue for papermaking without disturbing its fiber integrity.
A Study on Comparative Assessment of Water Quality of Dal and Nigeen Lakes of Jammu and Kashmir, India
Section: Research Keywords: anthropogenic sources, Dal Lake, Nigeen Lake, pollution The lakes of the Kashmir valley, India are under continuous pressure due to increasing anthropogenic activities. In the present study, an attempt has been made to monitor the quality of two important lakes (Dal and Nigeen) of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), India. These lakes hold significant ecological, cultural, and economic value, attracting many tourists and serving as vital sources of fresh water for local communities. Five sampling sites were selected in the study area, out of which three are in Dal Lake and two in Nigeen Lake. A comparison of the water quality of both lakes was made in the present investigation based on selected physicochemical parameters like water pH, conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-) and phosphate (PO43-). The results revealed that the value of most of the parameters was higher in Dal Lake (BOD, EC, COD, and PO43-) while some parameters were found higher in Nigeen Lake (NO3-, DO, Cl- and SO42-). The student t-test showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between the means of most of the studied parameters of both the lake except EC and NO3-. Although all the parameters were within the limits if the trend of pollution continues, then the water quality of both lakes will become unfit for aquatic plants, animals, and tourist activities also. This study highlights the urgent need for effective water management strategies and conservation efforts to preserve the water quality of Dal and Nigeen Lakes.
Effect of Barrages and Anthropogenic Activities on Ecological Integrity of the Ganga River: A Review on Current Issues and Restoration Efforts
Section: Review Keywords: Anthropocene, dams and barrages, ecological integrity, environmental restoration, Ganga River The Ganga River, a lifeline for millions of people in the Indian subcontinent, is facing significant environmental challenges due to the construction of barrages and various anthropogenic activities along its course. This review paper examines the effects of barrages and human interventions on the ecological integrity of the Ganga and explores current issues surrounding its deteriorating ecosystem. Furthermore, it discusses the restoration efforts undertaken to mitigate the ecological impacts and restore the river's health. The construction of dams and barrages can aggravate the situation in the context of the Ganga, which is already suffering from the discharge of industrial and agricultural wastes. The construction of various dams, barrages, and hydroelectric projects is affecting the water flow of the Ganga. These affect the water flow, resulting in the accumulation of solid waste on the river bed. Barrages not only affect the water flow but also restrict the migration of aquatic fauna. This affects the hydrological balance of the Ganga as well as the survival and existence of several fish species. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of barrages and anthropogenic activities on Ganga's ecological integrity, sheds light on the current issues plaguing the river, and highlights the ongoing restoration efforts. By understanding the complex interplay between human activities and ecosystem dynamics, stakeholders can work towards safeguarding Ganga's ecological health and ensuring its sustainable future.
Sustainable Use of Waste Banana Peel (Musa × sapientum L.) Powder for Enhancement of Nutritional Properties of Dark Chocolate
Section: Research Keywords: banana peel, confectionary, dark chocolate, nutritional properties Dark chocolate is a very popular confectionary product among children, made by combining cocoa (55%) with cocoa butter (7.5%) and sugar (42%) has high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and free-radical scavenging properties. Chocolates also have a high concentration of cocoa and flavanols contents which is very beneficial for human health. The nutritional value of the dark chocolate samples prepared was further enhanced by using unripe banana peel powder. The peel of banana fruit is a waste material, but it also has antioxidant, antibacterial, and antibiotic properties which encourages its use in industries like pharmaceuticals. So, after considering the nutritional value of unripe banana fruit peel, the powder of unripe banana peel was added to the dark chocolate in the concentration of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9% to increase the nutritional value of dark chocolate. The premix powder containing iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 was also added to the dark chocolate samples in the concentration of 2% in all the variants. The nutritional value of chocolate samples made by using unripe banana peel powder and premix increased significantly but the color of the product decreased significantly as the concentration of banana powder increased.
Development of a Solar-Powered Integrated Wireless Soil Moisture Meter
Section: Research Keywords: Arduino microcontroller, moisture content, soil temperature, solar powered In this study, we developed a solar-powered integrated wireless soil moisture meter that can easily measure in situ soil moisture, soil temperature, and hydrogen potential (pH) using nature's solar energy. Knowledge of soil moisture content and other relevant soil-specific parameters is essential for irrigation scheduling, fertilizer selection, and fertigation. Also, considering that the electricity supply in some developing countries is either erratic or unavailable, this research aims to bridge the gap in electricity availability and ease of measurement and integrate more soil-specific parameters. The sensor system was developed using the frequency domain (FD) technique for fast response. These parameters were measured sequentially at an interval of about 5 seconds, with the readings displayed simultaneously on a Bluetooth-connected device (e.g., an Android phone) located about 50 meters away from the developed system. The different sensors are classified and adequately labeled to identify the parameter to be measured. The performance evaluation carried out indicated a reasonably functioning device that is cost-effective. The results obtained showed that the system was resourceful as it not only measured the parameters of interest (soil moisture, temperature, and pH) but also gave a prompt response in measurement and transmission. Overall, the developed wireless soil moisture meter provides instantaneous data on pH, moisture, and temperature circulation across soil layers. The system is promising as it can be integrated into large-scale automated irrigation systems for agricultural lands.
Biochar as a Versatile Resource for Achieving Sustainability in Agri-food Chains
Section: Review Keywords: agricultural waste , biochar , bioenergy , climate change , soil pollution The agriculture sector generates a significant quantity of waste. These wastes, when mismanaged, can cause environmental issues like air, water, and soil pollution. Thus, the upcycling of agricultural wastes especially for bioenergy production would be highly advantageous. Biofuels, including biochar, biogas, biodiesel, and bioethanol, are eco-friendly fuels owing a significant contribution to the bioenergy industry. Biochar, a carbon-rich substance prepared from a wide range of feedstocks, can be produced from agricultural wastes via pyrolysis and has numerous applications. When added to soil, biochar enhances soil fertility by acting as a soil conditioner. It can also be used to purify air and wastewater and/or used for carbon sequestering, in the textile and construction industries. Moreover, biochar can also be used in the food products such as charcoal-based ice cream, and cookies besides being an animal feed improver. Furthermore, biochar has potential applications in the cosmetic industry and can address issues such as climate change, energy shortages, and food security. The use of agricultural wastes for biochar production can be a tool for low-cost bioenergy production, which could improve the financial status of local farmers. The current review emphasizes the potential of biochar as a versatile resource for achieving sustainability in agri-food chains by recycling generated waste.
Menace of Tomato Leaf Miner (Tuta absoluta [Meyrick,1917]): Its Impacts and Control Measures by Nepalese Farmers
Section: Research Keywords: chemical, pest, pesticides , tomato , Tuta absoluta A multi-site study was conducted in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Kavre, and Pokhara, Nepal, to assess the impact of Tuta absoluta and identify effective control measures from the farmers' perspective. A total of 480 tomato-growing households were randomly selected for the study. The pest posed a significant threat to tomato production, resulting in increased labor requirements (29.96%), increased expenditures on crop protection and control measures (62.18%), and significant yield losses of up to 85%. The results showed that the pest was ranked as the most important pest of tomatoes by the majority of respondents (88%), with the flowering stage being highly susceptible (99.73%). The study highlighted that the overuse of chemical pesticides disrupts integrated pest management practices, while all the respondents affected by T. absoluta used chemical and cultural control methods without using biological control methods due to a lack of knowledge. About 77.27% of the respondents used physical control methods. Among the control methods used, tomato leaf miner (TLM) bait (0.764) was rated as the most effective, followed by chemical pesticides (0.586) and sanitation (0.502). The research highlights the importance of raising awareness of integrated pest management strategies, including the use of biological control methods, for effective and sustainable management of T. absoluta. These findings will help improve pest management practices and support the long-term sustainability of tomato production in Nepal.
Comparative Study on the Seed Health of Five Commonly Cultivated Wheat Varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) in Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: germination, pathogen, Petri dish, seed-borne, vigor Seed-borne pathogens can negatively affect wheat crop germination, plant health, and yield, making it essential to routinely test and treat seeds. Therefore, identifying seed-borne pathogens in commonly cultivated wheat varieties is vital to ensuring sustainable food production. The study sought at the Central Agriculture Laboratory in Lalitpur, Nepal, aimed to identify seed-borne pathogens in five commonly cultivated wheat varieties and evaluate their seed health. The study utilized the Standard Blotter Method to assess various parameters, including germination percentage, pathogen incidence percentage, shoot length, and seedling vigor index, in a controlled environment. The experiment used a complete randomized design with four replications and five treatments. Five wheat varieties (Gautam, Aaditya, Bijaya, Dhaulagiri, and NL971) were sown in Petri dishes containing blotting paper wetted with sterilized distilled water to assess the incidence and severity of Bipolaris sorokiniana. The data obtained were tabulated in Microsoft Excel and analyzed using Gen Stat. The study found that Gautam had the highest Bipolaris infection (18.25%), while NL971 had the lowest (11.25%), followed by Bijaya, Dhaulagiri, and Aaditya. Dhaulagiri had the highest germination percentage (99.50%), followed by Aaditya, Bijaya, and NL971, while Gautam had the lowest (79%). Aaditya demonstrated the highest shoot and root weight, shoot length, and seedling vigor index, while Gautam had the lowest. The study concluded that Gautam was vulnerable to low seed health, while Aaditya and other varieties demonstrated stronger seed health and resistance to the pathogen. These findings are crucial for improving seed health and ensuring sustainable food production in Nepal.
AgroEnvironmental Sustainability: A Call to Action for Sustainable and Greener Future
Section: Editorial One of the most important economic pillars is agriculture, which provides raw materials for industrial processes and much-needed food. However, agriculture is also a major contributor to climate change and environmental degradation. The need for sustainable agriculture has never been more pressing as the world grapples with numerous environmental issues that threaten food security and livelihoods. The launch of AgroEnvironmental Sustainability, a new journal dedicated to promoting sustainable agricultural practices, is a welcome and timely development. The journal will bring forward scientific information that addresses challenges in agriculture, economic, social, health, and environmental aspects.